
Where do we get our Energy?
Let's now revisit some of the information we presented in chapter 5, because we are now going to approach how light energizes our body in a different way from cytochrome c oxidase and ATP.
Again it should not be surprising that we can harness energy from light. We talked about in chapter 5 how green plants photosynthesize and take in light and then convert that light into chemical energy, and that chemical energy, then, drives whatever the plant does: metabolism, growth, bending, etc.
What we did NOT emphasize in chapter 5 is that ALL of this works through water - the roots of the plant absorb water, and that water goes to the leaves, and what happens in the leaves is that when they receive light, they take the water that's inside them and split the water into positive and negative - H+, OH-. This is the first step of photosynthesis, and it's driven by light.
So light, as we'll see in more detail, creates a battery out of water as batteries are by definition a separation of charge that can be used to do work. And the question is, are we also solar powered too? Do we use light to get some of our energy? In chapter 5 and 6 we showed how cytochrome c oxidase harnesses light energy to help create more ATP, but there is another, perhaps even more fundamental mechanism how we create energy in the body - by creating what is called EZ water. It turns out this splitting of water into negative and positive, creates a new liquid crystalline state of water, a fourth state which Dr Gerald Pollack has termed EZ water and we like plants also engage in this first step of photosynthesis! And this leads to many insights in terms of our own health which we will explore in this chapter with of course how red and near infrared light splits water to create this energetic fourth phase of water. So what exactly is EZ water?
Let's now revisit some of the information we presented in chapter 5, because we are now going to approach how light energizes our body in a different way from cytochrome c oxidase and ATP.
Again it should not be surprising that we can harness energy from light. We talked about in chapter 5 how green plants photosynthesize and take in light and then convert that light into chemical energy, and that chemical energy, then, drives whatever the plant does: metabolism, growth, bending, etc.
What we did NOT emphasize in chapter 5 is that ALL of this works through water - the roots of the plant absorb water, and that water goes to the leaves, and what happens in the leaves is that when they receive light, they take the water that's inside them and split the water into positive and negative - H+, OH-. This is the first step of photosynthesis, and it's driven by light.
So light, as we'll see in more detail, creates a battery out of water as batteries are by definition a separation of charge that can be used to do work. And the question is, are we also solar powered too? Do we use light to get some of our energy? In chapter 5 and 6 we showed how cytochrome c oxidase harnesses light energy to help create more ATP, but there is another, perhaps even more fundamental mechanism how we create energy in the body - by creating what is called EZ water. It turns out this splitting of water into negative and positive, creates a new liquid crystalline state of water, a fourth state which Dr Gerald Pollack has termed EZ water and we like plants also engage in this first step of photosynthesis! And this leads to many insights in terms of our own health which we will explore in this chapter with of course how red and near infrared light splits water to create this energetic fourth phase of water. So what exactly is EZ water?


What is EZ water?
Up until recently, scientists have thought that water has only three phases: solid (ice), liquid and vapor (steam). In the last couple decades though, groundbreaking research led by Dr Gerald Pollack and others it is now clear there is a fourth phase of water called exclusion zone (EZ) water, that is liquid crystalline and gel-like like jello or egg whites or honey that is somewhere between solid and liquid (it is more dense and viscous). Also it has decreased thermal motion and much more ordered than bulk water. In fact whenever you freeze ice it goes through this phase before ice forms and when ice melts it goes through this phase before become liquid again. And like any crystal, it pushes out solutes, particles, or impurities which is why it was named exclusion zone water because it excludes particulates of all kinds leaving pure water. Plus as Dr Pollack says it is EZ to remember.
**Work in** This negatively charged water is, in fact, a different phase of water. It's not even H2O, it's actually H3O2, is what we found. And we refer to this fourth phase, if you will, of water, that is beyond solid, liquid, and vapor, this fourth phase is semi-crystaline water, as EZ. So what's EZ? EZ stands for "exclusion zone." And the reason we called it exclusion zone when we found it is as this phase of water builds, it pushes out everything that's inside of the water, that is, solutes, particles, whatever; and so we called it, logically, "exclusion zone," and EZ, is, well, easy to remember.
Up until recently, scientists have thought that water has only three phases: solid (ice), liquid and vapor (steam). In the last couple decades though, groundbreaking research led by Dr Gerald Pollack and others it is now clear there is a fourth phase of water called exclusion zone (EZ) water, that is liquid crystalline and gel-like like jello or egg whites or honey that is somewhere between solid and liquid (it is more dense and viscous). Also it has decreased thermal motion and much more ordered than bulk water. In fact whenever you freeze ice it goes through this phase before ice forms and when ice melts it goes through this phase before become liquid again. And like any crystal, it pushes out solutes, particles, or impurities which is why it was named exclusion zone water because it excludes particulates of all kinds leaving pure water. Plus as Dr Pollack says it is EZ to remember.
**Work in** This negatively charged water is, in fact, a different phase of water. It's not even H2O, it's actually H3O2, is what we found. And we refer to this fourth phase, if you will, of water, that is beyond solid, liquid, and vapor, this fourth phase is semi-crystaline water, as EZ. So what's EZ? EZ stands for "exclusion zone." And the reason we called it exclusion zone when we found it is as this phase of water builds, it pushes out everything that's inside of the water, that is, solutes, particles, whatever; and so we called it, logically, "exclusion zone," and EZ, is, well, easy to remember.

EZ water is not H2O, it is negatively charged H3O2!
Besides being liquid crystalline and gel-like EZ has many more remarkable properties. The most notable is that it is negatively charged having a chemical formula of H3O2-, not H2O! And when EZ water is created along the right type of surface (remember crystals go through a nucleation process), it forms in a series of tightly packed parallel planes. The key point to keep in mind is that it is a liquid crystal dense and viscous phase that is energetic (negatively charged!).
And because it is negatively charged it can do work. This is VERY different from the water coming out of your tap! So the big question is, how is EZ water created?
Besides being liquid crystalline and gel-like EZ has many more remarkable properties. The most notable is that it is negatively charged having a chemical formula of H3O2-, not H2O! And when EZ water is created along the right type of surface (remember crystals go through a nucleation process), it forms in a series of tightly packed parallel planes. The key point to keep in mind is that it is a liquid crystal dense and viscous phase that is energetic (negatively charged!).
And because it is negatively charged it can do work. This is VERY different from the water coming out of your tap! So the big question is, how is EZ water created?

How to Create EZ water Part 1
A Hydrophilic Surface is needed for Nucleation
It turns out we need two things to create EZ water: a hydrophilic surface and light/energy, especially near infrared light. This was the big discovery by Dr Gerald Pollack. When water meets these hydrophillic, or water-loving materials, the water spreads out instead of beading up the way it does, for example, on Teflon (a hydro-phobic material). The idea is that water molecules located next to these submerged hydrophilic surfaces self-organize into a this liquid crystalline, energetic, 4th phase of water.”
So what happens is that the water molecules split into the positive and negative, and the negative ones line up, as you see in this image, next to the hydrophilic material. So, essentially, this is potential energy because it's just like a battery of water. And all batteries need to get charged, and the question is, well, where does the energy come from to charge this battery? Your cell phone needs to get charged, it's battery, and this is another battery.
NOTE: it turns out hydrophilic surfaces are everywhere in the human body because proteins and DNA are BOTH highly hydrophilic! In fact at least 90% of the dry weight of the cell is hydrophilic (Protein, RNA and DNA, etc).
A Hydrophilic Surface is needed for Nucleation
It turns out we need two things to create EZ water: a hydrophilic surface and light/energy, especially near infrared light. This was the big discovery by Dr Gerald Pollack. When water meets these hydrophillic, or water-loving materials, the water spreads out instead of beading up the way it does, for example, on Teflon (a hydro-phobic material). The idea is that water molecules located next to these submerged hydrophilic surfaces self-organize into a this liquid crystalline, energetic, 4th phase of water.”
So what happens is that the water molecules split into the positive and negative, and the negative ones line up, as you see in this image, next to the hydrophilic material. So, essentially, this is potential energy because it's just like a battery of water. And all batteries need to get charged, and the question is, well, where does the energy come from to charge this battery? Your cell phone needs to get charged, it's battery, and this is another battery.
NOTE: it turns out hydrophilic surfaces are everywhere in the human body because proteins and DNA are BOTH highly hydrophilic! In fact at least 90% of the dry weight of the cell is hydrophilic (Protein, RNA and DNA, etc).

How to Create EZ Water Part 2 - Charging the Battery with LIGHT!
And the answer came from a student who was doing something that he was not supposed to do, so - He was carrying out an experiment, and this experiment is using some hydrophilic material and putting water next to it, just as I've shown you. He took a lamp - the lamp was sitting right next to the experimental chamber - and just for fun, he shined the lamp on the chamber, and what he saw was really astonishing.
He noticed that because of the illumination, the exclusion zone, or EZ, expands, and it expanded hugely. And when he took the lamp away, it came back to its original shape, which is a thin band of EZ - you can see at the upper left running parallel to the surface, so - Well, it didn't take a rocket scientist to figure out that, you shine light, it gets bigger, and maybe the light is what's responsible, the photons are responsible for providing the energy to grow this exclusion zone.
Impressed by this student's result, we began to study different wavelengths of light, ranging from the ultraviolet, through the visible light, through the infrared light, and we found that by far, the most effective light was infrared. Infrared is actually all over - it's hard to get rid of, and it's not just inside, it's outside too.
Liquid crystal state.
Illuminate with light and EZ create.
Light/photons responsible
IR most powerful 1000x more powerful than visible
Infrared all over the place.
And the answer came from a student who was doing something that he was not supposed to do, so - He was carrying out an experiment, and this experiment is using some hydrophilic material and putting water next to it, just as I've shown you. He took a lamp - the lamp was sitting right next to the experimental chamber - and just for fun, he shined the lamp on the chamber, and what he saw was really astonishing.
He noticed that because of the illumination, the exclusion zone, or EZ, expands, and it expanded hugely. And when he took the lamp away, it came back to its original shape, which is a thin band of EZ - you can see at the upper left running parallel to the surface, so - Well, it didn't take a rocket scientist to figure out that, you shine light, it gets bigger, and maybe the light is what's responsible, the photons are responsible for providing the energy to grow this exclusion zone.
Impressed by this student's result, we began to study different wavelengths of light, ranging from the ultraviolet, through the visible light, through the infrared light, and we found that by far, the most effective light was infrared. Infrared is actually all over - it's hard to get rid of, and it's not just inside, it's outside too.
Liquid crystal state.
Illuminate with light and EZ create.
Light/photons responsible
IR most powerful 1000x more powerful than visible
Infrared all over the place.

And this is literally free energy - we learned about free energy in our chemistry textbooks, but this is literally free, it doesn't cost you a nickle; it's there. And because it's there all the time, it means that when you have water next to a hydrophilic material, you always have EZ water.
And of course, if you add more light, then the EZ grows, you see? So light is basically feeding the growth. So this feature, this light-induced separation of charge can also be used to get electrical energy from light and water. All you need to do, at least in theory, is stick two electrodes in - one in the negative, one in the positive - and you ought to be able to get electricity to light a lightbulb. We've demonstrated that this is actually the case. You can see here, you flip the switch and you get the light.
Water inside the cell lined up like a crystal.
If water molecules inside the cell are organized in some way, this is vastly different from our current model that virtually every chemist and cell biologist uses.
Instead of a bulk background or stage, this structure water in the cell is promoted to a central figure in cellular dynamics.
And of course, if you add more light, then the EZ grows, you see? So light is basically feeding the growth. So this feature, this light-induced separation of charge can also be used to get electrical energy from light and water. All you need to do, at least in theory, is stick two electrodes in - one in the negative, one in the positive - and you ought to be able to get electricity to light a lightbulb. We've demonstrated that this is actually the case. You can see here, you flip the switch and you get the light.
Water inside the cell lined up like a crystal.
If water molecules inside the cell are organized in some way, this is vastly different from our current model that virtually every chemist and cell biologist uses.
Instead of a bulk background or stage, this structure water in the cell is promoted to a central figure in cellular dynamics.

So just as water behaves as a light-driven battery, cells actually operate much the same way also as a light-driven battery, something you perhaps never thought of. But think about the cell and what's inside. So inside the cell, you've got large macro molecules, mostly proteins, and these proteins have hydrophilic surfaces, and of course, there's water, lots of water inside the cell. And so what happens is that there are exclusion zones, you have EZ water, which has negative charge.
And the positive charges would be lying beyond those negative charges. So, the reality is the cell is really crowded, with proteins mostly, and this negative EZ practically fills the cell. And what happens is that the positive charges are pushed out, and the cell is negative. But, negative charges near each other, they repel; they want to get away from one another. And that tendency to repel constitutes potential energy.
So for example, if this were a muscle cell, the proteins would be in one configuration, and they move to another configuration, and that's what is responsible for your muscle cells contracting, and it allows you to jump. So your muscle, or whatever cell, is not working properly if it doesn't have EZ water.
Of course, if you have some EZ water, then it functions, but not quite as well as if you have a full complement of EZ water. You have potential energy from the EZ, which drives the work of the cell. Light, as I said, is responsible for building the EZ, and building negative charge, and that's what gives the cell its energy.
And the positive charges would be lying beyond those negative charges. So, the reality is the cell is really crowded, with proteins mostly, and this negative EZ practically fills the cell. And what happens is that the positive charges are pushed out, and the cell is negative. But, negative charges near each other, they repel; they want to get away from one another. And that tendency to repel constitutes potential energy.
So for example, if this were a muscle cell, the proteins would be in one configuration, and they move to another configuration, and that's what is responsible for your muscle cells contracting, and it allows you to jump. So your muscle, or whatever cell, is not working properly if it doesn't have EZ water.
Of course, if you have some EZ water, then it functions, but not quite as well as if you have a full complement of EZ water. You have potential energy from the EZ, which drives the work of the cell. Light, as I said, is responsible for building the EZ, and building negative charge, and that's what gives the cell its energy.
Mitochondria and EZ Water
And then the energy is consumed as these proteins do the work of the cell, your work, and fold if you just connect the dots between the two. So light is actually driving the work of your cells, or light is actually driving your function. Well, also inside the cell are structures called mitochondria, and they're known as the energy factory of the cell, central for energy production. How might that work in terms of the framework of what I've been presenting? Well, look at those membranes inside the cell. Those membranes are hydrophilic surfaces. And, as I mentioned, next to hydrophilic surfaces, EZs build.
So this is a perfect configuration for building EZs and negative charge, and contributing that to the rest of the cell for energy. So, where do we get our energy? Well, we get it from food, and obviously, we can get quite a lot of energy under certain circumstances.
And then the energy is consumed as these proteins do the work of the cell, your work, and fold if you just connect the dots between the two. So light is actually driving the work of your cells, or light is actually driving your function. Well, also inside the cell are structures called mitochondria, and they're known as the energy factory of the cell, central for energy production. How might that work in terms of the framework of what I've been presenting? Well, look at those membranes inside the cell. Those membranes are hydrophilic surfaces. And, as I mentioned, next to hydrophilic surfaces, EZs build.
So this is a perfect configuration for building EZs and negative charge, and contributing that to the rest of the cell for energy. So, where do we get our energy? Well, we get it from food, and obviously, we can get quite a lot of energy under certain circumstances.
So are we solar powered? I think we are, like many other living species. And mother nature didn't abandon this wonderful mechanism of using light from the sun to give us energy and confer health. And the way this happens, evidence is showing that this happens through splitting of water - just like the first step of photosynthesis. So we undergo - not just plants - we undergo the first step in photosynthesis.
Well, our cells need energy, just like cell phones need energy, and some of that comes from light, not just food, but light. And within limits, the more light we get, the healthier we are. So seek the sun.
Well, our cells need energy, just like cell phones need energy, and some of that comes from light, not just food, but light. And within limits, the more light we get, the healthier we are. So seek the sun.
And all of this works through water - the roots of the plant absorb water, and that water goes to the leaves and what happens in the leaves is that when they receive light,
2/3 water , 2/3 translates into 99% of your molecules.
Think about that. Your shoes are carrying around a blob of water. Are these molecules jobless?
Water is so pervasive and such a simple molecule, you would think we know everything about it. That is not at all the case.
Mysteries - How does the water get there to a cloud. Surface tension.
We don't know about the social behavior of water.
How do they move and interact with one another, and other molecules like proteins.
Only 3 phases? 4th phase in between solid and liquid, more ordered and had a gel like consistenty. Sir William Hardy the famous physical chemist was the first to suggest this almost 100 years ago.
All of this was forgotten when people began to study individual molecules instead of ensembles of molecules.
Excludes solutes so exclusion zone or EZ water.
Water loving or hydrophilic material next to water creates this EZ water. Look at the structure a bit like ice, but not ice... Not water, not h2o, it is h3o2.
Lots of negative charge in that zone, and positive part went into the bulk.
We can get energy from water.
When you have two opposing charges next to each other, you essentially have a battery, a battery made of water.
Batteries run down. What recharges the water batter?
Dr Pollacks lab wondered and one day a student in his lamp shined a light on an ez water tray, and they found the exclusion zone grew from shining the light!
The energy from building these ez water layers comes from light. It comes not only from direct light but indirect light, specifically infrared light.
When you take an infrared camera with all the lights off, you can see everything and the reason for this is everything on earth is giving off infrared light, you are giving off infrared light! That is the energy that is most effective in building this charge separation.
Take away the energy and it builds.
Its a gift from the sun.
We know plants convert light to chemical energy in photosynthesis. The same things happens in water. No surprise because the plant is mostly water.
E= H20
Can we harvest this energy?
Yes because there is a negative and a positive zone, so if you put two electrodes in you can get energy, just like a battery. Dr Gerald Pollacks lab has done that and was able to measure the electrical current coming from this water battery.This is free energy and it comes from water.
Getting biological energy. The cells are full of macromolecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and each one of these is a nucleating site to build EZ water, which creates charge separation.
Mechanisms of Water as a Chromophore
Can CCO be responsible for PBM with wavelengths 980 or higher?
Good research is showing that there are at least 2-3 more fundamental mechanisms of PBM that don't involve CCO which revolve around light gated ion channels and nano structured water. This is because we know from good research the CCO does not respond well to wavelengths above 900 nm. But also we know there are powerful PBM effects at for example 980 and 1064, two widely researched wavelengths.
So what is going on?
There are at least two addition mechanism going on in addition to CCO that are well established in PBM research. One theory to explain the additional mechanism is the idea of light and heat gated ion channels.
Think about that. Your shoes are carrying around a blob of water. Are these molecules jobless?
Water is so pervasive and such a simple molecule, you would think we know everything about it. That is not at all the case.
Mysteries - How does the water get there to a cloud. Surface tension.
We don't know about the social behavior of water.
How do they move and interact with one another, and other molecules like proteins.
Only 3 phases? 4th phase in between solid and liquid, more ordered and had a gel like consistenty. Sir William Hardy the famous physical chemist was the first to suggest this almost 100 years ago.
All of this was forgotten when people began to study individual molecules instead of ensembles of molecules.
Excludes solutes so exclusion zone or EZ water.
Water loving or hydrophilic material next to water creates this EZ water. Look at the structure a bit like ice, but not ice... Not water, not h2o, it is h3o2.
Lots of negative charge in that zone, and positive part went into the bulk.
We can get energy from water.
When you have two opposing charges next to each other, you essentially have a battery, a battery made of water.
Batteries run down. What recharges the water batter?
Dr Pollacks lab wondered and one day a student in his lamp shined a light on an ez water tray, and they found the exclusion zone grew from shining the light!
The energy from building these ez water layers comes from light. It comes not only from direct light but indirect light, specifically infrared light.
When you take an infrared camera with all the lights off, you can see everything and the reason for this is everything on earth is giving off infrared light, you are giving off infrared light! That is the energy that is most effective in building this charge separation.
Take away the energy and it builds.
Its a gift from the sun.
We know plants convert light to chemical energy in photosynthesis. The same things happens in water. No surprise because the plant is mostly water.
E= H20
Can we harvest this energy?
Yes because there is a negative and a positive zone, so if you put two electrodes in you can get energy, just like a battery. Dr Gerald Pollacks lab has done that and was able to measure the electrical current coming from this water battery.This is free energy and it comes from water.
Getting biological energy. The cells are full of macromolecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and each one of these is a nucleating site to build EZ water, which creates charge separation.
Mechanisms of Water as a Chromophore
Can CCO be responsible for PBM with wavelengths 980 or higher?
Good research is showing that there are at least 2-3 more fundamental mechanisms of PBM that don't involve CCO which revolve around light gated ion channels and nano structured water. This is because we know from good research the CCO does not respond well to wavelengths above 900 nm. But also we know there are powerful PBM effects at for example 980 and 1064, two widely researched wavelengths.
So what is going on?
There are at least two addition mechanism going on in addition to CCO that are well established in PBM research. One theory to explain the additional mechanism is the idea of light and heat gated ion channels.
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40. EellsJT,Wong-rileyMT,VerhoeveJ,etal.Mitochondrialsignal transduction in accelerated wound and retinal healing by near-infrared light therapy. Mitochondrion. 2004;4(5-6):559-67.
41. KaruTI,PyatibratLV,AfanasyevaNI.Cellulareffectsoflowpowerlaser therapy can be mediated by nitric oxide. Lasers Surg Med. 2005;36(4):307- 14.
42. KaruTI,PyatibratLV,KolyakovSF,AfanasyevaNI.Absorption measurements of a cell monolayer relevant to phototherapy: reduction of cytochrome c oxidase under near IR radiation. J Photochem Photobiol B, Biol. 2005;81(2):98-106.
43. KaruTI,KolyakovSF.Exactactionspectraforcellularresponsesrelevant to phototherapy. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005;23(4):355-61.
44. Wong-rileyMT,LiangHL,EellsJT,etal.Photobiomodulationdirectly benefits primary neurons functionally inactivated by toxins: role of cytochrome c oxidase. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(6):4761-71.
45. YeagerRL,FranzosaJA,MillsapDS,etal.Survivorshipandmortality implications of developmental 670-nm phototherapy: dioxin co-exposure. Photomed Laser Surg. 2006;24(1):29-32.
46. LiangHL,WhelanHT,EellsJT,etal.Photobiomodulationpartiallyrescues visual cortical neurons from cyanide-induced apoptosis. Neuroscience. 2006;139(2):639-49.
47. ChungH,DaiT,SharmaSK,HuangYY,CarrollJD,HamblinMR.The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40(2):516-33.
48. PrindezeNJ,MoffattLT,ShuppJW.Mechanismsofactionforlight therapy: a review of molecular interactions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2012;237(11):1241-8.
49. KaruT.Primaryandsecondarymechanismsofactionofvisibletonear-IR radiation on cells. J Photochem Photobiol B, Biol. 1999;49(1):1-17.
50. DefreitasLF,HamblinMR.ProposedMechanismsofPhotobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron. 2016;22(3).
51. OxidativePhosphorylation:Definition,Steps&Products.Study.com. Available: https://study.com/academy/lesson/oxidative-phosphorylation- definition-steps-products.html [February 10, 2018].
52. Kilmartin JV. The Bohr effect of human hemoglobin. Trends in Bio. Sci. 1977;2(11):247-249.
53. Tyuma I. The Bohr effect and the Haldane effect in human hemoglobin. Jpn J Physiol. 1984;34(2):205-16.
54. Poyart CF, Bursaux E. [Current conception of the Bohr effect]. Poumon Coeur. 1975;31(4):173-7.
55. Frangez I, Cankar K, Ban frangez H, Smrke DM. The effect of LED on blood microcirculation during chronic wound healing in diabetic and non- diabetic patients-a prospective, double-blind randomized study. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(4):887-894.
56. Podogrodzki J, Lebiedowski M, Szalecki M, Kępa I, Syczewska M,
Jóźwiak S. [Impact of low level laser therapy on skin blood flow]. Dev Period Med. 2016;20(1):40-6.
57. FoudaAA,RefaiH,MohammedNH.Lowlevellasertherapyversuspulsed electromagnetic field for inactivation of myofascial trigger points. A J Res Comm. 2013; 1(3):68-78.
58. Andre ES, Dalmarco EM, Gomes LEA. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3, and induced nitric oxide synthase expression after low-level laser therapy in an axonotmesis experimental model. Photomed laser surg. 2012; 30(11):1-6.
59. Yeager RL, Lim J, Millsap DS, et al. 670 nanometer light treatment attenuates dioxin toxicity in the developing chick embryo. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2006;20(6):271-8.
60. Lim J, Sanders RA, Yeager RL, et al. Attenuation of TCDD-induced oxidative stress by 670 nm photobiomodulation in developmental chicken kidney. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2008;22(4):230-9.
61. Silva macedo R, Peres leal M, Braga TT, et al. Photobiomodulation Therapy Decreases Oxidative Stress in the Lung Tissue after Formaldehyde Exposure: Role of Oxidant/Antioxidant Enzymes. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:9303126.
62. DossantosSA,SerraAJ,StanckerTG,etal.EffectsofPhotobiomodulation Therapy on Oxidative Stress in Muscle Injury Animal Models: A Systematic Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:5273403.
63. Hamblin MR. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophys. 2017;4(3):337-361.
64. Denadai AS, Aydos RD, Silva IS, et al. Acute effects of low-level laser therapy (660 nm) on oxidative stress levels in diabetic rats with skin wounds. J Exp Ther Oncol. 2017;11(2):85-89.
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36. KaruT.Primaryandsecondarymechanismsofactionofvisibletonear-IR radiation on cells. J Photochem Photobiol B, Biol. 1999;49(1):1-17.
37. EellsJT,HenryMM,SummerfeltP,etal.Therapeuticphotobiomodulation for methanol-induced retinal toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100(6):3439-44.
38. KaruTI,PyatibratLV,RyabykhTP.Melatoninmodulatestheactionofnear infrared radiation on cell adhesion. Journal of Pineal Research. 2003;34(3):167.
39. KaruTI,PyatibratLV,KalendoGS.Photobiologicalmodulationofcell attachment via cytochrome c oxidase. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004;3(2):211-6.
40. EellsJT,Wong-rileyMT,VerhoeveJ,etal.Mitochondrialsignal transduction in accelerated wound and retinal healing by near-infrared light therapy. Mitochondrion. 2004;4(5-6):559-67.
41. KaruTI,PyatibratLV,AfanasyevaNI.Cellulareffectsoflowpowerlaser therapy can be mediated by nitric oxide. Lasers Surg Med. 2005;36(4):307- 14.
42. KaruTI,PyatibratLV,KolyakovSF,AfanasyevaNI.Absorption measurements of a cell monolayer relevant to phototherapy: reduction of cytochrome c oxidase under near IR radiation. J Photochem Photobiol B, Biol. 2005;81(2):98-106.
43. KaruTI,KolyakovSF.Exactactionspectraforcellularresponsesrelevant to phototherapy. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005;23(4):355-61.
44. Wong-rileyMT,LiangHL,EellsJT,etal.Photobiomodulationdirectly benefits primary neurons functionally inactivated by toxins: role of cytochrome c oxidase. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(6):4761-71.
45. YeagerRL,FranzosaJA,MillsapDS,etal.Survivorshipandmortality implications of developmental 670-nm phototherapy: dioxin co-exposure. Photomed Laser Surg. 2006;24(1):29-32.
46. LiangHL,WhelanHT,EellsJT,etal.Photobiomodulationpartiallyrescues visual cortical neurons from cyanide-induced apoptosis. Neuroscience. 2006;139(2):639-49.
47. ChungH,DaiT,SharmaSK,HuangYY,CarrollJD,HamblinMR.The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40(2):516-33.
48. PrindezeNJ,MoffattLT,ShuppJW.Mechanismsofactionforlight therapy: a review of molecular interactions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2012;237(11):1241-8.
49. KaruT.Primaryandsecondarymechanismsofactionofvisibletonear-IR radiation on cells. J Photochem Photobiol B, Biol. 1999;49(1):1-17.
50. DefreitasLF,HamblinMR.ProposedMechanismsofPhotobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron. 2016;22(3).
51. OxidativePhosphorylation:Definition,Steps&Products.Study.com. Available: https://study.com/academy/lesson/oxidative-phosphorylation- definition-steps-products.html [February 10, 2018].
52. Kilmartin JV. The Bohr effect of human hemoglobin. Trends in Bio. Sci. 1977;2(11):247-249.
53. Tyuma I. The Bohr effect and the Haldane effect in human hemoglobin. Jpn J Physiol. 1984;34(2):205-16.
54. Poyart CF, Bursaux E. [Current conception of the Bohr effect]. Poumon Coeur. 1975;31(4):173-7.
55. Frangez I, Cankar K, Ban frangez H, Smrke DM. The effect of LED on blood microcirculation during chronic wound healing in diabetic and non- diabetic patients-a prospective, double-blind randomized study. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(4):887-894.
56. Podogrodzki J, Lebiedowski M, Szalecki M, Kępa I, Syczewska M,
Jóźwiak S. [Impact of low level laser therapy on skin blood flow]. Dev Period Med. 2016;20(1):40-6.
57. FoudaAA,RefaiH,MohammedNH.Lowlevellasertherapyversuspulsed electromagnetic field for inactivation of myofascial trigger points. A J Res Comm. 2013; 1(3):68-78.
58. Andre ES, Dalmarco EM, Gomes LEA. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3, and induced nitric oxide synthase expression after low-level laser therapy in an axonotmesis experimental model. Photomed laser surg. 2012; 30(11):1-6.
59. Yeager RL, Lim J, Millsap DS, et al. 670 nanometer light treatment attenuates dioxin toxicity in the developing chick embryo. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2006;20(6):271-8.
60. Lim J, Sanders RA, Yeager RL, et al. Attenuation of TCDD-induced oxidative stress by 670 nm photobiomodulation in developmental chicken kidney. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2008;22(4):230-9.
61. Silva macedo R, Peres leal M, Braga TT, et al. Photobiomodulation Therapy Decreases Oxidative Stress in the Lung Tissue after Formaldehyde Exposure: Role of Oxidant/Antioxidant Enzymes. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:9303126.
62. DossantosSA,SerraAJ,StanckerTG,etal.EffectsofPhotobiomodulation Therapy on Oxidative Stress in Muscle Injury Animal Models: A Systematic Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:5273403.
63. Hamblin MR. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophys. 2017;4(3):337-361.
64. Denadai AS, Aydos RD, Silva IS, et al. Acute effects of low-level laser therapy (660 nm) on oxidative stress levels in diabetic rats with skin wounds. J Exp Ther Oncol. 2017;11(2):85-89.
3 Fundamental Actions of Red Light Therapy - The SPARK to creating Energy
1) Glycolysis ->-> OXPHOS (Increase ATP production) - Revs up the engine and helps to perform better
CCO - Compresses Fuel with help of oxygen to pump out hydrogens and convert O2 -> H2O
ATP-ase - Lube, RLT makes ATP-ase turbine spin more easily
2) Antioxidant/Melatonin - Cools the Engine (Reduces Oxidative stress by increasing natural Antioxidants)
3) Increases Nitric Oxide (Both Endothelial and Mitochondrial) - Better delivery of gas to ignition
1) Glycolysis ->-> OXPHOS (Increase ATP production) - Revs up the engine and helps to perform better
CCO - Compresses Fuel with help of oxygen to pump out hydrogens and convert O2 -> H2O
ATP-ase - Lube, RLT makes ATP-ase turbine spin more easily
2) Antioxidant/Melatonin - Cools the Engine (Reduces Oxidative stress by increasing natural Antioxidants)
3) Increases Nitric Oxide (Both Endothelial and Mitochondrial) - Better delivery of gas to ignition
How Light Interacts with Our Mind, Circadian Rhythms and Mood
Average person spends 93% Inside.
87% Buildings 6% in automobiles.
We know about ultraviolet radiation from the sun and its role of producing vitamin D in our bodies. But there is a whole other aspect to the light that we get from the sun and light that comes outside, for example the visible spectrum and how it affects us, the infrared spectrum and how it affects us. What science is discovering is amazing. And beyond the science of this I am going to give you practical tips on how to harness that information and actually apply it to your body so you can help optimize your health. Many things I will share you can do for free or very little money even if you do not invest in a whole body red light therapy device.
The information in this book is so important for people to understand and that's the reason why I am so excited sharing this information about light and especially red and near infrared light!
**Mitochondria**
To explain why light is so important to the human body, we have to get get down to the cellular level to really explain this, and to do that I am going to use an analogy. In every cell of our body we have something called mitochondria. Mitochondria are like the engine in a car, that produces the power, the energy and for the body it produces ATP which is the currency of energy for our body. But just like the engine in your car it can overheat and it can shut down and that is a byproduct of what it does. And it is a very similar situation to what happens in the mitochondria. The mitochondria takes the food that you eat, the fats, carbs and it makes the ATP that your body needs, but a byproduct of that is oxidative stress, that is the heat around the engine that if the oxidative stress builds up too much, it can cause all kinds of problems.
What scientists have discovered and looked at over the years is that there are a lot of consequences to oxidative stress. Less optimal health, inflammation, cancer, dementia, diabetes and learning disabilities have been tied to oxidative stress in the mitochondria and mitochondrial disability.
Average person spends 93% Inside.
87% Buildings 6% in automobiles.
We know about ultraviolet radiation from the sun and its role of producing vitamin D in our bodies. But there is a whole other aspect to the light that we get from the sun and light that comes outside, for example the visible spectrum and how it affects us, the infrared spectrum and how it affects us. What science is discovering is amazing. And beyond the science of this I am going to give you practical tips on how to harness that information and actually apply it to your body so you can help optimize your health. Many things I will share you can do for free or very little money even if you do not invest in a whole body red light therapy device.
The information in this book is so important for people to understand and that's the reason why I am so excited sharing this information about light and especially red and near infrared light!
**Mitochondria**
To explain why light is so important to the human body, we have to get get down to the cellular level to really explain this, and to do that I am going to use an analogy. In every cell of our body we have something called mitochondria. Mitochondria are like the engine in a car, that produces the power, the energy and for the body it produces ATP which is the currency of energy for our body. But just like the engine in your car it can overheat and it can shut down and that is a byproduct of what it does. And it is a very similar situation to what happens in the mitochondria. The mitochondria takes the food that you eat, the fats, carbs and it makes the ATP that your body needs, but a byproduct of that is oxidative stress, that is the heat around the engine that if the oxidative stress builds up too much, it can cause all kinds of problems.
What scientists have discovered and looked at over the years is that there are a lot of consequences to oxidative stress. Less optimal health, inflammation, cancer, dementia, diabetes and learning disabilities have been tied to oxidative stress in the mitochondria and mitochondrial disability.

So if the mitochondria is like the engine in a car and oxidative stress is like overheating of that engine, what is the cooling system to further the analogy in our mitochondria?
The body has two different systems to be put in place to take care of the mitochondria in terms of "cooling" it down or getting rid of the oxidative stress in the mitochondria depending on whether it is day or night.
1) NIGHT: The cooling system at night uses Melatonin produced by the Pineal Gland, and Melatonin is one of the strongest antioxidants which upregulates the glutathione system and it is twice as powerful as vitamin E. Melatonin is secreted at night from the Pineal Gland and goes into the blood circulation, is actively transported into the cells and than goes into the mitochondria to fulfill its duty which is to mop up very efficiently these oxidative stress molecules.
2) DAY: So how does mitochondria handle oxidative stress during the day? Any type of light that hits the human eye is going to shut down the production of melatonin from the pineal gland, so there has to be a completely different system that is put in place during the day that allows melatonin to be made in the day that allows melatonin to be made in the mitochondria to deal with the oxidative stress. These hydroxy and oxygen radicals that are produced in the mitochondria as a result of metabolism can destroy things immediately in its vicinity so you need to have antioxidants right there on site.
How does this happen during the day? The answer is near infrared radiation from sun or red and near infrared light from a LED panel goes into the mitochondria and will stimulate the production of melatonin on site. So if we do not get enough of this light during the day, it can have consequences.
It is important to note that oxidative stress is not always bad. Like for example, it is very important for white blood cells to have oxidative bursts to kill bacteria. And in small amounts oxidative stress, like in exercise has a hormesis effect which means simply a little bit of stress strengthens the body. But certainly too much can cause damage and in the case of the mitochondria, oxidative stress can break down the proteins of the electron transport chain.
The body has two different systems to be put in place to take care of the mitochondria in terms of "cooling" it down or getting rid of the oxidative stress in the mitochondria depending on whether it is day or night.
1) NIGHT: The cooling system at night uses Melatonin produced by the Pineal Gland, and Melatonin is one of the strongest antioxidants which upregulates the glutathione system and it is twice as powerful as vitamin E. Melatonin is secreted at night from the Pineal Gland and goes into the blood circulation, is actively transported into the cells and than goes into the mitochondria to fulfill its duty which is to mop up very efficiently these oxidative stress molecules.
2) DAY: So how does mitochondria handle oxidative stress during the day? Any type of light that hits the human eye is going to shut down the production of melatonin from the pineal gland, so there has to be a completely different system that is put in place during the day that allows melatonin to be made in the day that allows melatonin to be made in the mitochondria to deal with the oxidative stress. These hydroxy and oxygen radicals that are produced in the mitochondria as a result of metabolism can destroy things immediately in its vicinity so you need to have antioxidants right there on site.
How does this happen during the day? The answer is near infrared radiation from sun or red and near infrared light from a LED panel goes into the mitochondria and will stimulate the production of melatonin on site. So if we do not get enough of this light during the day, it can have consequences.
It is important to note that oxidative stress is not always bad. Like for example, it is very important for white blood cells to have oxidative bursts to kill bacteria. And in small amounts oxidative stress, like in exercise has a hormesis effect which means simply a little bit of stress strengthens the body. But certainly too much can cause damage and in the case of the mitochondria, oxidative stress can break down the proteins of the electron transport chain.
1) Sleep - Circadian Rhythm Mood -Conductor or Master Clock
Fire low down, dimmer and redder.
Window - Light / Significantly higher than indoors.
We have a poor sense because pupils adjust...
Tremendously more lux!!
Fire low down, dimmer and redder.
Window - Light / Significantly higher than indoors.
We have a poor sense because pupils adjust...
Tremendously more lux!!

How light interacts in with the body in a Circadian Rhythm way.
How sleep and circadian rhythm is affected by light
The human body is incredibly complex and there are so many processes that are occurring all the time.
Melatonin secretion starts around 9pm which is called dim light melatonin onset and this secretion stops at about 7:30.
It is more the absence of light that allows the pineal gland to stimulate and produce and secrete melatonin throughout the blood and human body.
How sleep and circadian rhythm is affected by light
The human body is incredibly complex and there are so many processes that are occurring all the time.
Melatonin secretion starts around 9pm which is called dim light melatonin onset and this secretion stops at about 7:30.
It is more the absence of light that allows the pineal gland to stimulate and produce and secrete melatonin throughout the blood and human body.

The human body is hardwired to be able to take information from the environment and to change its internal circadian rhythm so that it is in sync with the environment.
This image here shows how that happens. So you can see here, that when light hits the eye, and specifically goes to the retina. We know that light that goes to the retina is hitting rods and cones which then go to neurons that then project back to the occipital lobe in the brains and that is where we can actually visualize and see the world around us (at least from a physiological perspective).
But there is a completely different section of the retina, such that when light hits it, the signals go to a completely different part of the brain and it's not light that you are conscious of. It is light that is not going to rods and cones but instead this thing called Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs). These cells are in the inferior or lower part of the retina, and that is important to understand because usually light comes from above us in the daytime which projects down through the lens in this lower part of the retina. It is then projected to something called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN). The SCN is the master clock, this is the portion of the brain that makes sure everything is working in sync. This like the conductor of an orchestra. When light comes in, it is telling the SCN that it is daytime. And when this "daytime" signal hits the SCN, there is a specific neuron that shuts down the production in the pineal gland of melatonin. This is because melatonin in the blood system is a signal to the cells that it's nighttime and time to go to bed. And this is how the circadian rhythm system that we all have tells us that it is daytime versus nighttime.
Ma Z, Yang Y, Fan C, Han J, Wang D, Di S, Hu W, Liu D, Li X, Reiter RJ, Yan X. Melatonin as a potential anticarcinogen for non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 Jul 19;7(29):46768-46784
This image here shows how that happens. So you can see here, that when light hits the eye, and specifically goes to the retina. We know that light that goes to the retina is hitting rods and cones which then go to neurons that then project back to the occipital lobe in the brains and that is where we can actually visualize and see the world around us (at least from a physiological perspective).
But there is a completely different section of the retina, such that when light hits it, the signals go to a completely different part of the brain and it's not light that you are conscious of. It is light that is not going to rods and cones but instead this thing called Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs). These cells are in the inferior or lower part of the retina, and that is important to understand because usually light comes from above us in the daytime which projects down through the lens in this lower part of the retina. It is then projected to something called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN). The SCN is the master clock, this is the portion of the brain that makes sure everything is working in sync. This like the conductor of an orchestra. When light comes in, it is telling the SCN that it is daytime. And when this "daytime" signal hits the SCN, there is a specific neuron that shuts down the production in the pineal gland of melatonin. This is because melatonin in the blood system is a signal to the cells that it's nighttime and time to go to bed. And this is how the circadian rhythm system that we all have tells us that it is daytime versus nighttime.
Ma Z, Yang Y, Fan C, Han J, Wang D, Di S, Hu W, Liu D, Li X, Reiter RJ, Yan X. Melatonin as a potential anticarcinogen for non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 Jul 19;7(29):46768-46784

All this is fine if we are in harmony with Nature. But in our modern world it is not so simple, because most of us tend to stay up late and we are out of sync with nature.
This can have a lot of deleterious affects on our health such as insomnia, depression, increased inflammation, fatigue in the day, and even increased risk of cancer.
Why? Because when we expose our eyes to light at nighttime, this is sending signals to the SCN that it is still daytime and as a result our circadian rhythms get shifted and melatonin secretion is delayed, so you might get the symptom of insomnia (inability to sleep at night).
And similarly, when it is the beginning of the day, you are still in "night" as your whole circadian rhythm is shifted. So you might get hypersomnia (feel excessively tired in the day) in the morning and even day.
It is important to understand that avoiding light especially blue or bright light at night, helps to prevent this shifting. Also exposing your eyes to light at the beginning of the day, helps to anchor and prevent the circadian clocks from shift too. So the recipe for health is bright light first thing when you wake up and low light near bedtime especially the last 1-2 hours before bed! But exposing yourself to bright light in the morning is not a substitute for avoiding bright light at night.
All of these are a result of diminished Melatonin which is one of THE most important molecules in our body, because it acts not only to induce deep and rejuvenating sleep along with synchronizing your Circadian rhythms, but as we'll see more in this book it is also the master antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule in your cells! Plus it is oncostatic.
"Circulating Melatonin"
-Reduces cancer and cortisol production, antioxidant, sleep.
Fire: Perfect - Low, Dim, red/oranges - PERFECT.
Sunset: red/organish and lower down.
Melatonin initiates sleep. Message to body to tell the cells to go to sleep.. A signaling molecule. This light at night tells the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus to shut down melatonin production which is cooling and antioxidant system (inflammation can result from improper synchronization).
Sleep latency: Time it takes to fall asleep... Worse for using light at night. And more sleepy the next day (sleep inertia).
2 Symptoms of Dys
Sleep latency (takes longer to get to sleep)
More Sleep inertia (hard to wake up the next day)
This can have a lot of deleterious affects on our health such as insomnia, depression, increased inflammation, fatigue in the day, and even increased risk of cancer.
Why? Because when we expose our eyes to light at nighttime, this is sending signals to the SCN that it is still daytime and as a result our circadian rhythms get shifted and melatonin secretion is delayed, so you might get the symptom of insomnia (inability to sleep at night).
And similarly, when it is the beginning of the day, you are still in "night" as your whole circadian rhythm is shifted. So you might get hypersomnia (feel excessively tired in the day) in the morning and even day.
It is important to understand that avoiding light especially blue or bright light at night, helps to prevent this shifting. Also exposing your eyes to light at the beginning of the day, helps to anchor and prevent the circadian clocks from shift too. So the recipe for health is bright light first thing when you wake up and low light near bedtime especially the last 1-2 hours before bed! But exposing yourself to bright light in the morning is not a substitute for avoiding bright light at night.
All of these are a result of diminished Melatonin which is one of THE most important molecules in our body, because it acts not only to induce deep and rejuvenating sleep along with synchronizing your Circadian rhythms, but as we'll see more in this book it is also the master antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule in your cells! Plus it is oncostatic.
"Circulating Melatonin"
-Reduces cancer and cortisol production, antioxidant, sleep.
Fire: Perfect - Low, Dim, red/oranges - PERFECT.
Sunset: red/organish and lower down.
Melatonin initiates sleep. Message to body to tell the cells to go to sleep.. A signaling molecule. This light at night tells the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus to shut down melatonin production which is cooling and antioxidant system (inflammation can result from improper synchronization).
Sleep latency: Time it takes to fall asleep... Worse for using light at night. And more sleepy the next day (sleep inertia).
2 Symptoms of Dys
Sleep latency (takes longer to get to sleep)
More Sleep inertia (hard to wake up the next day)
*Day*
1) In morning view light as soon as possible in the morning .
Avoid sunglasses and windows (low e-glass). Bright day (as little as 30 secs).
Use a Light Box if you live in areas with little sunlight (prevents SAD along with setting Circadian Clock). Aim for 10,000 lux 20-30 minutes (bright sunny day 100,000 lux - 30 seconds!). Avoid sunglasses and windows (especially low e-Glass).
Need very bright light.
*Night*
Limit light as much as possible. Low, Dim, Red
2) Lower in visual field - light on floor or night lights (angle matters). Also Phones, Computers, Laptops, eReaders (keep lower down).
3) Intensity of light is what inhibits (dim the light on lights and devices)
4) Increase distance to lower intensity
5) [Proactive Purchases] Peak Sensitivity 460 and 484 - Use warmer lights, Ideally Low Blue Lights, night lights and book readers.
5) [Protective Purchases] Blue Blocker glasses, screen covers, Flux/programs
Think Fire - Low, Dim, Red
Sunset - Low Dimmer Redder
Candle-like - Low, Dimmer, Redder
Reddish, down low and dim. That way you can maximize melatonin secretion to keep those engines running cool and not overheating with oxidative stress and of course help with sleep as well.
This concludes how light interacts with the body in a Circadian rhythm way!
1) In morning view light as soon as possible in the morning .
Avoid sunglasses and windows (low e-glass). Bright day (as little as 30 secs).
Use a Light Box if you live in areas with little sunlight (prevents SAD along with setting Circadian Clock). Aim for 10,000 lux 20-30 minutes (bright sunny day 100,000 lux - 30 seconds!). Avoid sunglasses and windows (especially low e-Glass).
Need very bright light.
*Night*
Limit light as much as possible. Low, Dim, Red
2) Lower in visual field - light on floor or night lights (angle matters). Also Phones, Computers, Laptops, eReaders (keep lower down).
3) Intensity of light is what inhibits (dim the light on lights and devices)
4) Increase distance to lower intensity
5) [Proactive Purchases] Peak Sensitivity 460 and 484 - Use warmer lights, Ideally Low Blue Lights, night lights and book readers.
5) [Protective Purchases] Blue Blocker glasses, screen covers, Flux/programs
Think Fire - Low, Dim, Red
Sunset - Low Dimmer Redder
Candle-like - Low, Dimmer, Redder
Reddish, down low and dim. That way you can maximize melatonin secretion to keep those engines running cool and not overheating with oxidative stress and of course help with sleep as well.
This concludes how light interacts with the body in a Circadian rhythm way!

Sensors in eye to sense ambient
ipRGC does more than just project to the SCN which regulates the circadian rhythms, they also project to another part of the brain which has nothing with vision called the perihabenular nucleus (mood).
Pear-ee-heb-enular. As you can see in this image it is completely separate from the SCN but it is involved with mood.
So this is something we see a lot of in the wintertime when people become depressed which is known as SAD or seasonal affective disorder and this is one of the manifestations of not enough light getting into this area of the brain. 5% of the population gets symptoms of seasonal affective disorder and symptoms appear in these patients about 40 percent of the year. A great meta-analysis looking at light in these patients about (173 randomized placebo-controlled trials) looking at the dsm diagnosis in about 20 studies they showed something very interesting. When they were exposed to bright light at about 3000 lux-hours which would be about 10,000 lux for about 20 minutes in the morning and they did it for at least four days, they were able, they showed a statistically significant improvement in the seasonal affective disorder with bright light. Also they found dawn exposure or dawn stimulation worked (going from zero initially to 300 lux over a 1 to 2.5 hour period of time also improved SAD. Slowly bringing the lights up... You can buy these dawn stimulation lights. Study showed dawn stimulating light also helped with sleep inertia, improved mood and cognitive performance.
But this simply simulates what you get when you expose yourself to bright natural sunlight in the morning! But if you live in a cloudy and cold climate, light box and dawn stimulators can be invaluable tools! Stimulating your eyes with bright light in the morning is VERY beneficial!
Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, Hamer RM, Jacobsen FM, Suppes T, Wisner KL, Nemeroff CB. The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;162(4):656-62.
Gabel V, Maire M, Reichert CF, Chellappa SL, Schmidt C, Hommes V, Viola AU, Cajochen C. Effects of artificial dawn and morning blue light on daytime cognitive performance, well-being, cortisol and melatonin levels. Chronobiol Int. 2013 Oct;30(8):988-97.
ipRGC does more than just project to the SCN which regulates the circadian rhythms, they also project to another part of the brain which has nothing with vision called the perihabenular nucleus (mood).
Pear-ee-heb-enular. As you can see in this image it is completely separate from the SCN but it is involved with mood.
So this is something we see a lot of in the wintertime when people become depressed which is known as SAD or seasonal affective disorder and this is one of the manifestations of not enough light getting into this area of the brain. 5% of the population gets symptoms of seasonal affective disorder and symptoms appear in these patients about 40 percent of the year. A great meta-analysis looking at light in these patients about (173 randomized placebo-controlled trials) looking at the dsm diagnosis in about 20 studies they showed something very interesting. When they were exposed to bright light at about 3000 lux-hours which would be about 10,000 lux for about 20 minutes in the morning and they did it for at least four days, they were able, they showed a statistically significant improvement in the seasonal affective disorder with bright light. Also they found dawn exposure or dawn stimulation worked (going from zero initially to 300 lux over a 1 to 2.5 hour period of time also improved SAD. Slowly bringing the lights up... You can buy these dawn stimulation lights. Study showed dawn stimulating light also helped with sleep inertia, improved mood and cognitive performance.
But this simply simulates what you get when you expose yourself to bright natural sunlight in the morning! But if you live in a cloudy and cold climate, light box and dawn stimulators can be invaluable tools! Stimulating your eyes with bright light in the morning is VERY beneficial!
Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, Hamer RM, Jacobsen FM, Suppes T, Wisner KL, Nemeroff CB. The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;162(4):656-62.
Gabel V, Maire M, Reichert CF, Chellappa SL, Schmidt C, Hommes V, Viola AU, Cajochen C. Effects of artificial dawn and morning blue light on daytime cognitive performance, well-being, cortisol and melatonin levels. Chronobiol Int. 2013 Oct;30(8):988-97.

How Light Interacts with our Body and the mitochondria.
How light interacts with mitochondria and body. You probably have not heard this before.
The mitochondrial are the portions of the cell which are powerhouses that makes energy and they make ATP similarly to how an engine in a car makes locomotion. But the problem is with locomotion heat is generated around the engine and that heat can shut down down the engine if it is not dealth with in an appropriate way with a cooling system. Same thing with the mitochondria; the byproduct of making energy is oxidative stress. As we talked about earlier, the mitochondria if they're not "cooled down" (to use the analogy), oxidative stress can happen. Oxidative stress can lead to less optimal health..
Mitochondrial dysfunction/Oxidative Stress
Inflammation
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Neurodegenerative diseases
Diabetes
How light interacts with mitochondria and body. You probably have not heard this before.
The mitochondrial are the portions of the cell which are powerhouses that makes energy and they make ATP similarly to how an engine in a car makes locomotion. But the problem is with locomotion heat is generated around the engine and that heat can shut down down the engine if it is not dealth with in an appropriate way with a cooling system. Same thing with the mitochondria; the byproduct of making energy is oxidative stress. As we talked about earlier, the mitochondria if they're not "cooled down" (to use the analogy), oxidative stress can happen. Oxidative stress can lead to less optimal health..
Mitochondrial dysfunction/Oxidative Stress
Inflammation
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Neurodegenerative diseases
Diabetes
How does the body deal with this?
At Night, Melatonin is secreted from the Pineal Gland normally if the person is not being exposed to light and this melatonin is actively secreted and actively taken up into the cell and then it goes into the mitochondria where it is the major antioxidant and it is actually the one that controls glutathione, and it is twice as potent as vitamin E, but the question is while this is happening, that's great, but what happens during the day when more energy is needed and essentially these mitochondria are revving up at higher rpms?
Well, scientists are now discovering that infrared radiation from the sun actually directly stimulates the mitochondria to produce melatonin on site where the oxidative stress is occurring. You cannot get this effect from eating Melatonin or taking a supplement, this is actually FROM THE SUN ITSELF penetrating down into the tissue stimulating the mitochondria to produce melatonin!
At Night, Melatonin is secreted from the Pineal Gland normally if the person is not being exposed to light and this melatonin is actively secreted and actively taken up into the cell and then it goes into the mitochondria where it is the major antioxidant and it is actually the one that controls glutathione, and it is twice as potent as vitamin E, but the question is while this is happening, that's great, but what happens during the day when more energy is needed and essentially these mitochondria are revving up at higher rpms?
Well, scientists are now discovering that infrared radiation from the sun actually directly stimulates the mitochondria to produce melatonin on site where the oxidative stress is occurring. You cannot get this effect from eating Melatonin or taking a supplement, this is actually FROM THE SUN ITSELF penetrating down into the tissue stimulating the mitochondria to produce melatonin!

There is this very interesting paper published by Scott Zimmerman and Russell Reiter, one of them a professor and one of them a light engineer that described this and I would highly recommend looking at this article. Here are the highlights
Melatonin: Potent antioxidant activity
-Melatonin is produced within the mitochondria in response to sunlight and provides targeted protection of mitochondria from reactive oxygen species.
- Accordingly Melatonin is protective against the aforementioned diseases.
- May have a role in prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimers and Parkinson's [Oxidative stress as a proposed mechanism of beta amyloid accumulation and dopaminergic neuron death, respectively].
Zimmerman, S. and Reiter, R. 2019. Melatonin and the Optics of the Human Body. Melatonin Research. 2, 1 (Feb. 2019), 138-160. DOI:https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32794/mr11250016.
https://www.melatonin-research.net/index.php/MR/article/view/19/213
Melatonin: Potent antioxidant activity
-Melatonin is produced within the mitochondria in response to sunlight and provides targeted protection of mitochondria from reactive oxygen species.
- Accordingly Melatonin is protective against the aforementioned diseases.
- May have a role in prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimers and Parkinson's [Oxidative stress as a proposed mechanism of beta amyloid accumulation and dopaminergic neuron death, respectively].
Zimmerman, S. and Reiter, R. 2019. Melatonin and the Optics of the Human Body. Melatonin Research. 2, 1 (Feb. 2019), 138-160. DOI:https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32794/mr11250016.
https://www.melatonin-research.net/index.php/MR/article/view/19/213

Mitochondria - All of the cells in your body have things called mitochondria, and the mitochondria are these powerhouses or power plants inside the cell that make energy and a product of that metabolism is something called ATP and ATP is the molecule of energy for the cell.
Let's take a look at the mitochondria in more detail because this is where all the magic of red light therapy happens. If we look at the mitochondria, there is an outer membrane and an inner membrane, the center we call the matrix and the space around it we call the inter-membrane space. In the matrix we have something called Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is where carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are metabolized. And they enter the Krebs cycle from various different pathways and they come from obviously the outside of the cell. The major byproduct of the Krebs cycle is something called NADH. NADH is a way of packaging very powerfully reduced electrons. So the mitochondria then takes these very reduced electrons and convert them into energy. And that is done with something called the electron transport chain (ETC).
The electron transport chain is basically a series of drops like a damn that goes through this electron transport chain. Every step along this process or path the energy from those reduced electrons in NADH is coupled with a pump that pumps protons out into the inner membrane space so that the amount of protons in the inner membrane space start to increase. And this occurs successfully as electrons are passed down step by step by step, until finally all the energy is extracted from these electrons and the final electron acceptor is something that we all need which is oxygen. And THIS is the reason we need oxygen when we breathe, we need an acceptor of those electrons. This is where oxygen is required. Finally, at the very end of this electron transport chain there is an enzyme known as Cytochrome C Oxidase or CCO for short. That takes this oxygen molecule and makes a water molecule out of it, by passing on electrons to this oxygen molecule.
The problem is when this stuff starts to go and these wheels start to turn, and these electrons start to be passed down the chain, it's not perfect and sometimes you can have these electrons getting caught up with other oxygen molecules, and something called reactive oxygen species being made. The most common one here being superoxide, but there are other common ones as well such as hydrogen peroxide and also hydroxy radicals. All of these are very dangerous substrates that can interact with the proteins around them and can cause severe damage. And the more damage they cause, the more likely there is to be more reactive oxygen species made. So it is very important that if and when these reactive oxygen species are made as a result of metabolism and this electron transport chain, that they mopped up or quenched.
Now lets go back and talk about what happens with all these protons that get pumped up. These protons start to build up and then what occurs is finally there is a protein that sits in the inner membrane space known as the F-ATPase and simply what happens here is the protons go down their concentration gradient back into the matrix and what you have is ADP becoming ATP as the protons go down their electron gradient. And here you have the product of this whole thing which is ATP which again is the high energy product of this entire process of metabolism. So you go from carbohydrates, proteins and fats into making ATP.
In the process you additionally use up oxygen AND you cannot help but make reactive oxygen species. Fortunately the body has a way of mopping this up and making sure these things go away is through melatonin.
There is melatonin outside the cell that can come in very quickly and mop these things up because melatonin is a very powerful antioxidant. But NOW we are finding out thatspecifically this last enzyme, CCO which takes this oxygen molecule and makes it into water and makes this process go well, when this enzyme CCO is excited with a certain wavelength of light, specifically near infrared light, it actually increases melatonin production inside of the mitochondria. That's right, melatonin is produced INSIDE the mitochondria as a result of the activation of this electron transport chain, which can then neutralize the product of this electron transport chain which is not only water, but oxygen mixes with these electrons inadvertently making these ROS. They have to be dealt with on site, because they react very quickly to products on site and can oxidize them and damage them (like rust to a car), which leads to a downward spiral... Certain diseases associated with this.
Let's take a look at the mitochondria in more detail because this is where all the magic of red light therapy happens. If we look at the mitochondria, there is an outer membrane and an inner membrane, the center we call the matrix and the space around it we call the inter-membrane space. In the matrix we have something called Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is where carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are metabolized. And they enter the Krebs cycle from various different pathways and they come from obviously the outside of the cell. The major byproduct of the Krebs cycle is something called NADH. NADH is a way of packaging very powerfully reduced electrons. So the mitochondria then takes these very reduced electrons and convert them into energy. And that is done with something called the electron transport chain (ETC).
The electron transport chain is basically a series of drops like a damn that goes through this electron transport chain. Every step along this process or path the energy from those reduced electrons in NADH is coupled with a pump that pumps protons out into the inner membrane space so that the amount of protons in the inner membrane space start to increase. And this occurs successfully as electrons are passed down step by step by step, until finally all the energy is extracted from these electrons and the final electron acceptor is something that we all need which is oxygen. And THIS is the reason we need oxygen when we breathe, we need an acceptor of those electrons. This is where oxygen is required. Finally, at the very end of this electron transport chain there is an enzyme known as Cytochrome C Oxidase or CCO for short. That takes this oxygen molecule and makes a water molecule out of it, by passing on electrons to this oxygen molecule.
The problem is when this stuff starts to go and these wheels start to turn, and these electrons start to be passed down the chain, it's not perfect and sometimes you can have these electrons getting caught up with other oxygen molecules, and something called reactive oxygen species being made. The most common one here being superoxide, but there are other common ones as well such as hydrogen peroxide and also hydroxy radicals. All of these are very dangerous substrates that can interact with the proteins around them and can cause severe damage. And the more damage they cause, the more likely there is to be more reactive oxygen species made. So it is very important that if and when these reactive oxygen species are made as a result of metabolism and this electron transport chain, that they mopped up or quenched.
Now lets go back and talk about what happens with all these protons that get pumped up. These protons start to build up and then what occurs is finally there is a protein that sits in the inner membrane space known as the F-ATPase and simply what happens here is the protons go down their concentration gradient back into the matrix and what you have is ADP becoming ATP as the protons go down their electron gradient. And here you have the product of this whole thing which is ATP which again is the high energy product of this entire process of metabolism. So you go from carbohydrates, proteins and fats into making ATP.
In the process you additionally use up oxygen AND you cannot help but make reactive oxygen species. Fortunately the body has a way of mopping this up and making sure these things go away is through melatonin.
There is melatonin outside the cell that can come in very quickly and mop these things up because melatonin is a very powerful antioxidant. But NOW we are finding out thatspecifically this last enzyme, CCO which takes this oxygen molecule and makes it into water and makes this process go well, when this enzyme CCO is excited with a certain wavelength of light, specifically near infrared light, it actually increases melatonin production inside of the mitochondria. That's right, melatonin is produced INSIDE the mitochondria as a result of the activation of this electron transport chain, which can then neutralize the product of this electron transport chain which is not only water, but oxygen mixes with these electrons inadvertently making these ROS. They have to be dealt with on site, because they react very quickly to products on site and can oxidize them and damage them (like rust to a car), which leads to a downward spiral... Certain diseases associated with this.
Melatonin production in the mitochondria is the front line cooling system for the mitochondria. Less than 5% of the body's melatonin is produced in the pineal gland.
Zimmerman!
Zimmerman!
Subcellular Melatonin - Not sleep, inside mitochondrial.
Oral supplementation doesn't work. Nothing to do with sleep.
Oral supplementation doesn't work. Nothing to do with sleep.
NIR experienced as warmth - Stimulate heat receptors in the skin. Warmth of sun is this near infrared speaking to you. Penetrates deep. Like when teens pull up you hear the boom boom boom base, because low frequency or long wavelength energy can penetrate through things very easily. It can penetrate through the atmosphere all the way down through your clothes and into your skin.

Majority of energy coming from the is infrared.
If I can feel the warmth, you are receiving it.
Zimmerman Study showed regardless of Melanin, the near infrared light was penetrating up to 8cm!!
Can find veins.
Near Infrared light deeply penetrating, large amount of cells in human body accessible to near infrared.
Near Infrared can even penetrate bone.
Sunlight can penetrate the skull and fills the caverns.
If I can feel the warmth, you are receiving it.
Zimmerman Study showed regardless of Melanin, the near infrared light was penetrating up to 8cm!!
Can find veins.
Near Infrared light deeply penetrating, large amount of cells in human body accessible to near infrared.
Near Infrared can even penetrate bone.
Sunlight can penetrate the skull and fills the caverns.
Greenery is very rich in NIR.
Highly reflect near infrared light.
Green spaces much healthier than concrete jungles.
1:12:32
Green Spaces good at reflecting Near infrared radiation
Highly reflect near infrared light.
Green spaces much healthier than concrete jungles.
1:12:32
Green Spaces good at reflecting Near infrared radiation
CCO is reacting
Chemical studies
Enzyme that produces
Vasodilation
Improved Oxygenation.
Study showing sunlight
Working in glucose and lipid metabolism
Study mainly UVA harmful.
The idea of exposing people to sunlight when they are sick is not a new idea. For many years TB was treated with sunlight.
Go out into the light and WARMTH!! 1800s quote.
New Bulbs have no near infrared (Incandescent does
Low E glass... Blocks Near Infrared.
We are not getting the same near infrared radiation that we once did.
Specific to developed countries.
How humans interact with light
1) Sleep, circadian rhythm and mood
2) Mitochondrial -
Daytime - 4000K
Sleep - warmer cooler 2700 - 3000K
Melatonin supplement only going into bloodstream.
Good before bed but that is al
LINKS / REFERENCES:
The Relationship Between Lux, Lumen and Watt (Tachyon) | https://tachyonlight.com/the-relation...
Infrared and skin: Friend or foe (J of Photochemistry...) | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...
Melatonin as a potential anticarcinogen for non-small-cell lung cancer (Oncotarget) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27102...
The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders (AJP) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15800...
Adj. Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression (AJP) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28969...
Effects of artificial dawn on subjective ratings of sleep inertia and dim light melatonin onset (Chronobiology Int) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20653...
Effects of Artificial Dawn and Morning Blue Light... (Chronobiology Int) | https://www.researchgate.net/publicat...
Circadian rhythms in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (MCE) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21782...
Reduced cancer incidence among the blind (Epidem) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9730026/
Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep (PNAS) | https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/112...
Ocular input for human melatonin regulation (NEL) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12163...
Melatonin and the Optics of the Human Body (Melatonin) | https://www.melatonin-research.net/in...
Melatonin in Mitochondria (APS) | https://journals.physiology.org/doi/f...
Opportunities.. of Fluorescent Carbon Dots (CPD) | https://www.researchgate.net/publicat...
The health benefits of the great outdoors (Environ) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Interplay between up-regulation of cytochrome-c-oxidase (Nature) | https://www.nature.com/articles/srep3...
Red/Near Infrared Light Stimulates Release of an Endothelium Dependent Vasodilator (FRBM) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Effect of daylighting on student health (CMSE) | http://www.wseas.us/e-library/confere...
Shining the Light on Sunshine (Clinical Endo) | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/f...
Associations of Outdoor Temperature (JCEM) | https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article...
Relationship between sun exposure and melanoma risk (EJC) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...l.
Chemical studies
Enzyme that produces
Vasodilation
Improved Oxygenation.
Study showing sunlight
Working in glucose and lipid metabolism
Study mainly UVA harmful.
The idea of exposing people to sunlight when they are sick is not a new idea. For many years TB was treated with sunlight.
Go out into the light and WARMTH!! 1800s quote.
New Bulbs have no near infrared (Incandescent does
Low E glass... Blocks Near Infrared.
We are not getting the same near infrared radiation that we once did.
Specific to developed countries.
How humans interact with light
1) Sleep, circadian rhythm and mood
2) Mitochondrial -
Daytime - 4000K
Sleep - warmer cooler 2700 - 3000K
Melatonin supplement only going into bloodstream.
Good before bed but that is al
LINKS / REFERENCES:
The Relationship Between Lux, Lumen and Watt (Tachyon) | https://tachyonlight.com/the-relation...
Infrared and skin: Friend or foe (J of Photochemistry...) | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science...
Melatonin as a potential anticarcinogen for non-small-cell lung cancer (Oncotarget) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27102...
The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders (AJP) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15800...
Adj. Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression (AJP) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28969...
Effects of artificial dawn on subjective ratings of sleep inertia and dim light melatonin onset (Chronobiology Int) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20653...
Effects of Artificial Dawn and Morning Blue Light... (Chronobiology Int) | https://www.researchgate.net/publicat...
Circadian rhythms in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (MCE) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21782...
Reduced cancer incidence among the blind (Epidem) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9730026/
Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep (PNAS) | https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/112...
Ocular input for human melatonin regulation (NEL) | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12163...
Melatonin and the Optics of the Human Body (Melatonin) | https://www.melatonin-research.net/in...
Melatonin in Mitochondria (APS) | https://journals.physiology.org/doi/f...
Opportunities.. of Fluorescent Carbon Dots (CPD) | https://www.researchgate.net/publicat...
The health benefits of the great outdoors (Environ) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Interplay between up-regulation of cytochrome-c-oxidase (Nature) | https://www.nature.com/articles/srep3...
Red/Near Infrared Light Stimulates Release of an Endothelium Dependent Vasodilator (FRBM) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Effect of daylighting on student health (CMSE) | http://www.wseas.us/e-library/confere...
Shining the Light on Sunshine (Clinical Endo) | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/f...
Associations of Outdoor Temperature (JCEM) | https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article...
Relationship between sun exposure and melanoma risk (EJC) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...l.
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