Buyers Guide Introduction
As we have demonstrated throughout this book, Red Light Therapy (RLT) is one of the most powerful contributors to the wellness sector, providing one of the most reliable and efficacious energy medicine techniques currently accessible to the public. More than 10,000 scientific studies bear testimony to the therapeutic effects of RLT, offering extraordinary potential benefits for a comprehensive range of debilitating conditions. Likewise, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared RLT to treat various conditions including, among others, acne, muscular and joint discomfort, arthritis, muscle spasms, and diminished local blood circulation. Furthermore, NASA studies have validated the use of red light LEDs for promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration. In addition to its status as one of the most substantiated energy medicine modalities, RLT is widely recognized for its safety, with no identified risks or side effects.
The most popular and pervasive RLT products are full-body red light beds. Specifically designed for professional use in wellness centers, spas and clinics, these are the most innovative and comfortable of all RLT devices. These revolutionary devices provide comprehensive body coverage by surrounding the body with red and near-infrared light, facilitating a thorough and efficient RLT experience. With high-grade components and cutting-edge technology, these devices have a significantly higher price tag, ranging from $30,000 to $150,000.
The ability of red light beds to envelop the body ensures enhanced efficacy and superior health benefits compared to localized light therapy devices. This immersive therapy ensures that all parts of the body receive an equal dosage of therapeutic light, leading to consistent and effective treatment results in a shorter time span. One of the notable advantages of red light beds is how efficiently they deliver an optimal dose of light in a relatively short period of time. Most high quality red light beds provide a beneficial therapeutic session within a span of approximately 15 minutes, making them an ideal choice for a busy lifestyle or professional settings.
The most popular and pervasive RLT products are full-body red light beds. Specifically designed for professional use in wellness centers, spas and clinics, these are the most innovative and comfortable of all RLT devices. These revolutionary devices provide comprehensive body coverage by surrounding the body with red and near-infrared light, facilitating a thorough and efficient RLT experience. With high-grade components and cutting-edge technology, these devices have a significantly higher price tag, ranging from $30,000 to $150,000.
The ability of red light beds to envelop the body ensures enhanced efficacy and superior health benefits compared to localized light therapy devices. This immersive therapy ensures that all parts of the body receive an equal dosage of therapeutic light, leading to consistent and effective treatment results in a shorter time span. One of the notable advantages of red light beds is how efficiently they deliver an optimal dose of light in a relatively short period of time. Most high quality red light beds provide a beneficial therapeutic session within a span of approximately 15 minutes, making them an ideal choice for a busy lifestyle or professional settings.
Prior to starting our journey with a Red Light Therapy Bed, we should consider many critical aspects of them. We will outline 16 essential points that we should know before deciding on a red light bed for personal or professional use in our comprehensive Buyer’s Guide to Red Light Therapy Beds.
Point #1: Research Proven Wavelengths

In considering options for red light therapy, it’s crucial that the device delivers scientifically and clinically validated wavelengths to ensure both a broad spectrum of therapeutic applications and the maximum chromophore reception potential. The first specific question is, what wavelengths does the device offer? Do these wavelengths carry clinically proven health benefits? Do they fall within the scientifically validated ranges?
As we saw in great detail in chapter 10, specific wavelengths in the range of 600 to 1110 nm (excluding 700-780nm) have demonstrated the most potent influence on mitochondrial function and energy production. These wavelengths yield the most impressive results for, among other benefits, anti-aging, arthritis, fat reduction, waist circumference reduction, hair re-growth (for those with hair loss), joint repair, bone repair, cancer recovery and prevention, cognitive enhancement and brain health. Notably, these therapeutic effects are confined strictly to these specific wavelengths!
RED ALERT! A company’s failure to accurately specify the wavelengths or irradiance their products use should raise concerns, because the wavelengths, coupled with the intensity or irradiance, are the two vital parameters of a red light bed that need to be accurate for the bed to offer the maximum possible benefits.
As we saw in great detail in chapter 10, specific wavelengths in the range of 600 to 1110 nm (excluding 700-780nm) have demonstrated the most potent influence on mitochondrial function and energy production. These wavelengths yield the most impressive results for, among other benefits, anti-aging, arthritis, fat reduction, waist circumference reduction, hair re-growth (for those with hair loss), joint repair, bone repair, cancer recovery and prevention, cognitive enhancement and brain health. Notably, these therapeutic effects are confined strictly to these specific wavelengths!
RED ALERT! A company’s failure to accurately specify the wavelengths or irradiance their products use should raise concerns, because the wavelengths, coupled with the intensity or irradiance, are the two vital parameters of a red light bed that need to be accurate for the bed to offer the maximum possible benefits.

Which Wavelengths Specifically
Though wavelengths in the range of 600-680nm, 800-880nm, and 905-1070nm offer the most therapeutic benefits, some within these ranges are more extensively researched than others. Upon scrutinizing this chart, it’s evident that certain wavelengths are backed by more studies and validation.
The wavelengths demonstrating the most research are 630, 660, 810, 830, 850 (AND 980/1064 for the 900-1100nm range). The 660 and 850 wavelengths are perhaps the most extensively used, but a device that has all these wavelengths is even more effective. For example, 630-660-810-850-980 (or 1064 in place of 980). To fully blanket the therapeutic spectrum, a more optimal range would be 600-630-660-810-830-850-980 (or again 1064 in place of 980). Better yet would be a device that has all of these - and also green and blue! We explored the great benefits of blue for acne in chapter 9, but please refer to Appendix B for a full list of benefits from green.
Though wavelengths in the range of 600-680nm, 800-880nm, and 905-1070nm offer the most therapeutic benefits, some within these ranges are more extensively researched than others. Upon scrutinizing this chart, it’s evident that certain wavelengths are backed by more studies and validation.
The wavelengths demonstrating the most research are 630, 660, 810, 830, 850 (AND 980/1064 for the 900-1100nm range). The 660 and 850 wavelengths are perhaps the most extensively used, but a device that has all these wavelengths is even more effective. For example, 630-660-810-850-980 (or 1064 in place of 980). To fully blanket the therapeutic spectrum, a more optimal range would be 600-630-660-810-830-850-980 (or again 1064 in place of 980). Better yet would be a device that has all of these - and also green and blue! We explored the great benefits of blue for acne in chapter 9, but please refer to Appendix B for a full list of benefits from green.
Point #2: A Broad Spectrum Of Wavelengths For Increased Efficacy

Is a higher quantity of wavelengths superior? What constitutes the ideal number of wavelengths? A majority of full-body red light devices on the market offer between two and six distinct wavelengths.
There’s substantial evidence supporting the notion that Cytochrome C Oxidase (CCO) serves as the primary chromophore, a molecule capable of capturing light, which contributes to the multitude of healing benefits of Red Light Therapy. CCO assumes 16 different configurations, each with a unique band gap (resonating to a different wavelength), which enables CCO to absorb a wide range of wavelengths, rather than a single wavelength [5], in the empirically validated 605-880nm range. The presence of multiple wavelengths augments the proportion of light absorbed by the mitochondria to generate energy, triggering and facilitating all the exceptional benefits associated with red light therapy. Research suggests that the most efficacious red light devices include a broad spectrum of wavelengths in the 605-680nm and 800- 880nm range, with at least one wavelength in the 905-1070nm range. We will discuss this further in the following section.
A fitting comparison here is the difference between merely consuming vitamin A and D versus a comprehensive multivitamin supplement which includes a range of vitamins such as A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, E, D, along with a host of minerals and other antioxidants. A proficient red light therapy system featuring at least five or six unique wavelengths furnishes a rich spectral content, similar to a high-quality multivitamin, providing everything we need in a single session. As we mentioned in the last section, even better is one that has 600-630-660-810-830-850-980/1064, along with green and blue. Having multiple program options is increasingly important as we add more and more wavelengths.
There’s substantial evidence supporting the notion that Cytochrome C Oxidase (CCO) serves as the primary chromophore, a molecule capable of capturing light, which contributes to the multitude of healing benefits of Red Light Therapy. CCO assumes 16 different configurations, each with a unique band gap (resonating to a different wavelength), which enables CCO to absorb a wide range of wavelengths, rather than a single wavelength [5], in the empirically validated 605-880nm range. The presence of multiple wavelengths augments the proportion of light absorbed by the mitochondria to generate energy, triggering and facilitating all the exceptional benefits associated with red light therapy. Research suggests that the most efficacious red light devices include a broad spectrum of wavelengths in the 605-680nm and 800- 880nm range, with at least one wavelength in the 905-1070nm range. We will discuss this further in the following section.
A fitting comparison here is the difference between merely consuming vitamin A and D versus a comprehensive multivitamin supplement which includes a range of vitamins such as A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, E, D, along with a host of minerals and other antioxidants. A proficient red light therapy system featuring at least five or six unique wavelengths furnishes a rich spectral content, similar to a high-quality multivitamin, providing everything we need in a single session. As we mentioned in the last section, even better is one that has 600-630-660-810-830-850-980/1064, along with green and blue. Having multiple program options is increasingly important as we add more and more wavelengths.
Point #3: The Hidden Gem, A 905–1100nm Wavelength. Warmth, Circulation, and Mitochondrial Benefits

The concealed treasure of near-infrared wavelengths, particularly those in the 905-1070nm range, ideally 980nm, utilize water as a chromophore, a light-absorbing molecule.
From a therapeutic perspective, wavelengths within the range of 905-1070nm appear to utilize water as a chromophore in a manner that yields research-proven benefits within the numerous mitochondria and ion channels. For example, a pioneering study demonstrated increased ATP-ase activity from the 980nm wavelength, indicating enhanced ATP and energy production. Specifically, we recommend the 980nm wavelength because it has been the most researched and validated within the 905-1070nm range and supported by more studies than any other [8].
There are at least 5 Research Proven Benefits of using 900-1100nm near infrared therapy (please refer to chapter 10 for a more detailed discussion on each):
1) Increases cellular voltage directly
2) Clears ROS and lowers inflammation
3) Improves ATP Synthase activity, hence ATP production
4) Enhances TRPV channels for Proper Calcium Modulation
5) Activates Singlet Oxygen for improved ATP
From a therapeutic perspective, wavelengths within the range of 905-1070nm appear to utilize water as a chromophore in a manner that yields research-proven benefits within the numerous mitochondria and ion channels. For example, a pioneering study demonstrated increased ATP-ase activity from the 980nm wavelength, indicating enhanced ATP and energy production. Specifically, we recommend the 980nm wavelength because it has been the most researched and validated within the 905-1070nm range and supported by more studies than any other [8].
There are at least 5 Research Proven Benefits of using 900-1100nm near infrared therapy (please refer to chapter 10 for a more detailed discussion on each):
1) Increases cellular voltage directly
2) Clears ROS and lowers inflammation
3) Improves ATP Synthase activity, hence ATP production
4) Enhances TRPV channels for Proper Calcium Modulation
5) Activates Singlet Oxygen for improved ATP
Point #4: Ideal Full Body Irradiance (20-40 mW/cm^2)

A critical component of Red Light Therapy (RLT) is the irradiance or intensity at its point of contact with the skin. Light irradiance signifies the power density of red light over a specified area, commonly measured in milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm^2). Stated simply, the irradiance of a full-body light bed corresponds to the emitted light’s intensity. This prompts the crucial question: What is the optimal irradiance in a whole-body red light bed? While there is no universally agreed-upon value, a generally accepted range is clearly backed by clinical results. A study by Huang, Sharma, and Hamblin (2011) concluded that irradiances ranging from 5 to 50 mW/cm2 are typically employed for stimulation and healing, whereas higher irradiances are more often used for nerve inhibition and pain relief [7].

Illuminating Guidance For Dosage
"Comprehend and Copy Nature"
Viktor Schauberger
The ranges for red and near-infrared light from the sun (600-1100nm) vary between 20-40 mW/cm2, depending on the season and geographic location where this is measured.
Helping reinforce this conclusion is an article titled “Infrared and Skin: Friend or Foe”, which states that exposure to visible and near-infrared light, which replicates the conditions of natural sunlight in terms of wavelength, intensity and dosage, can be quite beneficial to the skin. Barolet wrote that 30-35 mW/cm^2 [1] was the sweet spot for maximum therapeutic benefit, a figure in agreement with the full body red light bed studies we discussed in Chapter 11. Irradiances over 40-50 mW/cm^2 can quickly cause skin heating, which is clinically proven to lower the benefits of the therapy.
Several commercially available red light beds promise irradiance values exceeding 100 mW/cm^2, with some claiming figures as high as 160 mW/cm^2. The reality is, these companies are often using solar power meters -which are NOT the right instruments to measure light! Consequently, their true irradiance numbers are up to four times LESS than what they claim. This striking revelation leads us to point #5, which unveils the most concerning deception in red light therapy.
"Comprehend and Copy Nature"
Viktor Schauberger
The ranges for red and near-infrared light from the sun (600-1100nm) vary between 20-40 mW/cm2, depending on the season and geographic location where this is measured.
Helping reinforce this conclusion is an article titled “Infrared and Skin: Friend or Foe”, which states that exposure to visible and near-infrared light, which replicates the conditions of natural sunlight in terms of wavelength, intensity and dosage, can be quite beneficial to the skin. Barolet wrote that 30-35 mW/cm^2 [1] was the sweet spot for maximum therapeutic benefit, a figure in agreement with the full body red light bed studies we discussed in Chapter 11. Irradiances over 40-50 mW/cm^2 can quickly cause skin heating, which is clinically proven to lower the benefits of the therapy.
Several commercially available red light beds promise irradiance values exceeding 100 mW/cm^2, with some claiming figures as high as 160 mW/cm^2. The reality is, these companies are often using solar power meters -which are NOT the right instruments to measure light! Consequently, their true irradiance numbers are up to four times LESS than what they claim. This striking revelation leads us to point #5, which unveils the most concerning deception in red light therapy.
Point #5: Certified Irradiance
It is imperative that we know the true irradiance of the red light device we choose. Why? Because without an accurate irradiance value, the dose we give ourselves will be wrong. The two primary methods for calculating true irradiance are using a lab-grade spectroradiometer and a third-party light lab. (They also use certified spectroradiometers.)

Method 1
Use a Lab Grade Spectroradiometer (sometimes called a Spectral Irradiance Meter). A spectroradiometer is a light measurement tool that is able to measure both the wavelength and amplitude of the light emitted from a light source. An example of a spectroradiometer that meets all these criteria is the Spectis 5 .0, a lab-grade optical spectroradiometer known for its certified reliability and accuracy. The Spectis 5 .0 is calibrated with the use of reference standards traceable to national laboratories and confirmed by the globally recognized factory calibration. They guarantee their calibration and accuracy. One caveat, though - this equipment costs over $20,000 and requires some diligence to be properly trained in using it. Spectra Red Light includes a report that certifies actual irradiance on every unit manufactured. This is one of only two ways to guarantee true irradiance.
Use a Lab Grade Spectroradiometer (sometimes called a Spectral Irradiance Meter). A spectroradiometer is a light measurement tool that is able to measure both the wavelength and amplitude of the light emitted from a light source. An example of a spectroradiometer that meets all these criteria is the Spectis 5 .0, a lab-grade optical spectroradiometer known for its certified reliability and accuracy. The Spectis 5 .0 is calibrated with the use of reference standards traceable to national laboratories and confirmed by the globally recognized factory calibration. They guarantee their calibration and accuracy. One caveat, though - this equipment costs over $20,000 and requires some diligence to be properly trained in using it. Spectra Red Light includes a report that certifies actual irradiance on every unit manufactured. This is one of only two ways to guarantee true irradiance.

Method 2
Use an Accredited Third-Party Lab. An alternate option for companies who prefer not to invest in certified equipment is to obtain a third party lab to test the equipment. This type of lab result is the most definitive because a third party tests it accurately and without bias. The only potential downside is that the company may only test one or a couple of units on hand, not every one that is shipped.
The benefit of doing both is that the manufacturer has an unbiased reading from a third party, and - with a calibrated device like a Spectis 5.0 - the ability to accurately test each unit and provide a report to the customer. Each bed can be certified to have the irradiance claimed by its manufacturer.
Use an Accredited Third-Party Lab. An alternate option for companies who prefer not to invest in certified equipment is to obtain a third party lab to test the equipment. This type of lab result is the most definitive because a third party tests it accurately and without bias. The only potential downside is that the company may only test one or a couple of units on hand, not every one that is shipped.
The benefit of doing both is that the manufacturer has an unbiased reading from a third party, and - with a calibrated device like a Spectis 5.0 - the ability to accurately test each unit and provide a report to the customer. Each bed can be certified to have the irradiance claimed by its manufacturer.

Solar meters are not calibrated properly for red light therapy wavelengths, and the sensitivity of the photodiode leads to dramatically higher readings that reality shows with proper calibration. In addition, we need a meter for a near-field measurement because we want to measure the irradiance close to the source. If we are lying on a red light bed, our body is close to the source, which is the LED arrays. If we are lying in the sun, our “source” is 93 million miles away. Unfortunately, most red light companies are using solar meters, or cheaper meters, which are not in any way calibrated for accurate near-field measurements. The solar irradiance meters usually cost between $90 and $200. It’s very much a case of “you get what you pay for!”
Solar meters are broad-spectrum devices for far-field measurements designed to measure sunlight (a far-field measurement), hence the name “Solar Power Meter.” Despite this fact, many authors and even manufacturers use these cheap devices to measure the narrow bandwidth light radiation from RLT. It is easy to tell if false values are reported, as anything over 100 mW/cm2 is virtually impossible to obtain with a whole body light bed. If a company reports irradiance for a full body light bed over 100 mW/cm^2, they’re engaging in deceptive marketing practice, as no red light bed in the world goes over 100 mW/cm^2 if measured properly.
Solar meters are broad-spectrum devices for far-field measurements designed to measure sunlight (a far-field measurement), hence the name “Solar Power Meter.” Despite this fact, many authors and even manufacturers use these cheap devices to measure the narrow bandwidth light radiation from RLT. It is easy to tell if false values are reported, as anything over 100 mW/cm2 is virtually impossible to obtain with a whole body light bed. If a company reports irradiance for a full body light bed over 100 mW/cm^2, they’re engaging in deceptive marketing practice, as no red light bed in the world goes over 100 mW/cm^2 if measured properly.

It's also worth noting that literarlly ZERO photobiomodulation studies use Solar Power Meters or similarly cheap meters of any kind. No true lighting expert would use one of them. Readings like the image shown here are absolutely inaccurate, taken with a solar meter or an uncalibrated meter of some sort that is not designed to measure LED irradiance. We must use caution when dealing with companies that claim to have the “strongest irradiance,” therefore requiring shorter session times. Commercial businesses like spas find these claims attractive because they can treat more people (i.e. generate more money) in a single day. Yet this is all based on inaccurate information.
What started out as ignorance is now a deceptive marketing practice and cover-up. If we ever suspect any deception from a brand that claims high irradiance values, we must ask them for irradiance measurements from one of these two test methods:
1) Lab Calibrated Spectroradiometer
2) Third Party Testing from a certified light laboratory
What started out as ignorance is now a deceptive marketing practice and cover-up. If we ever suspect any deception from a brand that claims high irradiance values, we must ask them for irradiance measurements from one of these two test methods:
1) Lab Calibrated Spectroradiometer
2) Third Party Testing from a certified light laboratory

Point #6: Does the Bed have a uniform distribution of light?
Along with therapeutic and research proven wavelengths, it is also important to make sure the light is evenly distributed over all the present wavelengths. We have seen some beds with large gaps between sections that create an unfortunate, non-uniform distribution of light. In this scenario, we end up with more irradiance in some spots compared to others (hot spots). Or you can have more irradiance on the bottom of the bed then the top. Another related problem is having the wrong beam angles or adding too few LEDs for a given wavelength.
If we go by research-proven irradiance ranges, we want at least 5mW/cm^2 (ideally) per wavelength. The optimal scenario for THE ULTIMATE red light therapy bed or panel is to have eight to ten different wavelengths to blanket therapeutically proven ranges of wavelengths with at least half maximum (FWHM) - and then insure that the light is evenly distributed to give a TOTAL irradiance in the neighborhood of 30-35 mW/cm^2 but no more than 50mW/cm^2. And ideally, to have at least 5mW/cm^2 at each given wavelength.
Along with therapeutic and research proven wavelengths, it is also important to make sure the light is evenly distributed over all the present wavelengths. We have seen some beds with large gaps between sections that create an unfortunate, non-uniform distribution of light. In this scenario, we end up with more irradiance in some spots compared to others (hot spots). Or you can have more irradiance on the bottom of the bed then the top. Another related problem is having the wrong beam angles or adding too few LEDs for a given wavelength.
If we go by research-proven irradiance ranges, we want at least 5mW/cm^2 (ideally) per wavelength. The optimal scenario for THE ULTIMATE red light therapy bed or panel is to have eight to ten different wavelengths to blanket therapeutically proven ranges of wavelengths with at least half maximum (FWHM) - and then insure that the light is evenly distributed to give a TOTAL irradiance in the neighborhood of 30-35 mW/cm^2 but no more than 50mW/cm^2. And ideally, to have at least 5mW/cm^2 at each given wavelength.

We have several key strategies to create a more uniform blending of light. First, we can use various lenses and adjust the beam angle to ensure that the light blends properly both across the bed AND between top and bottom. A second great idea is using frosted acrylic, which also helps to spread the light more evenly. Remember, actual irradiance measurements at the skin are what matters. We must not listen to marketing nonsense telling us we need more LEDs for an even distribution or that frosted acrylic blocks the light. This is an important takeaway because ALL that matters are field measurements of light at the skin. Having more LEDs, or having LEDs closer to the surface, makes NO DIFFERENCE whatsoever! ALL THAT MATTERS are the wavelengths used and the actual irradiance measurements where the skin will be; also having a uniform blend of all the wavelengths; and low EMF are important. Everything else, including pulsing, is foolish and fanciful propaganda and overblown marketing hype. We have emphasized this several times because there is SO MUCH deception in the red light industry around this!

Point #7: Recommended Session Time for a Therapeutic Dose
The next point we must consider is this: What is the optimal duration of a session for achieving a therapeutic dose in red light therapy? Essentially, the dose is the product of irradiance (or intensity) and the duration of the session. In red light therapy, the intensity is quantified as the amount of light emitted per unit area per second (mW/cm^2), while the dose represents the total quantity of light administered per unit area throughout the session. A 10-minute session, for example, results in a dose twice that of a five-minute session. Optimal doses are generally considered to be within the range of 5-50 J/cm2 [2,3].
The next point we must consider is this: What is the optimal duration of a session for achieving a therapeutic dose in red light therapy? Essentially, the dose is the product of irradiance (or intensity) and the duration of the session. In red light therapy, the intensity is quantified as the amount of light emitted per unit area per second (mW/cm^2), while the dose represents the total quantity of light administered per unit area throughout the session. A 10-minute session, for example, results in a dose twice that of a five-minute session. Optimal doses are generally considered to be within the range of 5-50 J/cm2 [2,3].

What is the Ideal Dosage for Full Body Panels and Beds?
Scanning the research literature, we find approximately 10 red light therapy studies yielding positive results that use a full body bed. The average dosage involved in these studies is around 30 Joules/cm^2, a solid benchmark to go by because it’s based on ACTUAL studies using whole body light beds (not just lasers or small devices).
Here is the simple formula for red light therapy dosing. Dose (J/cm^2) = Intensity (mW/cm^2) ÷ 1000 * Time (Seconds).
Let’s look at a few examples that can facilitate a better understanding of dosage: Taking the Spectra S10 Pro as a reference, we have determined through laboratory-grade spectrometry that the average irradiance is 34 mW/cm2. Applying these values to the dosing formula, we find that the session duration should be approximately 15 minutes for the S10 Pro to align with the research-proven dosages .
Comparatively, considering a less powerful red light bed with an average irradiance of 13 mW/cm2, the required session time for achieving a similar dose would be 38-39 minutes, assuming the presence of both top and bottom lights. However, some LED beds only have a bottom or half, so for those, a session duration of 40-50 minutes (or longer) would likely be necessary to attain the desired dose. Some manufacturers recommend a 40-minute session, or 20 minutes on each side. Additionally, the lower irradiance level results in less intense penetration of light.
Power and time are crucial factors which demonstrate why an appropriately powered red light bed can deliver more benefits in a shorter time frame. They also highlight the importance of having both top and bottom lights in a red light bed.
Scanning the research literature, we find approximately 10 red light therapy studies yielding positive results that use a full body bed. The average dosage involved in these studies is around 30 Joules/cm^2, a solid benchmark to go by because it’s based on ACTUAL studies using whole body light beds (not just lasers or small devices).
Here is the simple formula for red light therapy dosing. Dose (J/cm^2) = Intensity (mW/cm^2) ÷ 1000 * Time (Seconds).
Let’s look at a few examples that can facilitate a better understanding of dosage: Taking the Spectra S10 Pro as a reference, we have determined through laboratory-grade spectrometry that the average irradiance is 34 mW/cm2. Applying these values to the dosing formula, we find that the session duration should be approximately 15 minutes for the S10 Pro to align with the research-proven dosages .
Comparatively, considering a less powerful red light bed with an average irradiance of 13 mW/cm2, the required session time for achieving a similar dose would be 38-39 minutes, assuming the presence of both top and bottom lights. However, some LED beds only have a bottom or half, so for those, a session duration of 40-50 minutes (or longer) would likely be necessary to attain the desired dose. Some manufacturers recommend a 40-minute session, or 20 minutes on each side. Additionally, the lower irradiance level results in less intense penetration of light.
Power and time are crucial factors which demonstrate why an appropriately powered red light bed can deliver more benefits in a shorter time frame. They also highlight the importance of having both top and bottom lights in a red light bed.

False Dosage And False Session Times
(A Prevalent Misconception In The Red Light Industry)
False irradiance readings generally lead to inaccurate dosage calculations, resulting in incorrect therapy times. Companies that report excessively inaccurate irradiance readings claim that their devices can deliver the optimal dosage in significantly less time. This is an enticing proposition for potential users, as it implies that they can achieve the same therapeutic benefits in half the time.
(A Prevalent Misconception In The Red Light Industry)
False irradiance readings generally lead to inaccurate dosage calculations, resulting in incorrect therapy times. Companies that report excessively inaccurate irradiance readings claim that their devices can deliver the optimal dosage in significantly less time. This is an enticing proposition for potential users, as it implies that they can achieve the same therapeutic benefits in half the time.
Point #8: Pulsing Red Light, A Misguided Recommendation
Pulsing vs. CW (Continuous Wave)
In the realm of red light therapy, particularly with full-body beds, the notion of integrating a pulsing function has gained attention. While high-power LED or laser applications show promising results with pulsing over continuous wave (CW) light, it’s important that we understand both the role and limitations of this technology. Below are examples of duty cycle options when pulsing high power light.
Pulsing vs. CW (Continuous Wave)
In the realm of red light therapy, particularly with full-body beds, the notion of integrating a pulsing function has gained attention. While high-power LED or laser applications show promising results with pulsing over continuous wave (CW) light, it’s important that we understand both the role and limitations of this technology. Below are examples of duty cycle options when pulsing high power light.

1. Heat Management Through Pulsing:
One of the primary benefits of pulsing in high-power light therapy devices is its ability to manage heat. Pulsing introduces ‘quench periods’ where LEDs temporarily switch off, providing an essential break that minimizes overheating risks and excessive tissue exposure. This is especially crucial in high-power LED or laser therapies. In contrast, continuous wave applications, particularly at higher intensities, can significantly raise our tissue temperature. Pulsed light offers the advantage of delivering the same energy density with less heat generation, allowing increased peak power and potentially deeper penetration – all while keeping the average power level consistent. However, while this makes perfect sense with lasers, it is totally unnecessary for full body beds and panels. The BETTER solution is to simply use the correct irradiance to avoid unwanted heating side effects.
One of the primary benefits of pulsing in high-power light therapy devices is its ability to manage heat. Pulsing introduces ‘quench periods’ where LEDs temporarily switch off, providing an essential break that minimizes overheating risks and excessive tissue exposure. This is especially crucial in high-power LED or laser therapies. In contrast, continuous wave applications, particularly at higher intensities, can significantly raise our tissue temperature. Pulsed light offers the advantage of delivering the same energy density with less heat generation, allowing increased peak power and potentially deeper penetration – all while keeping the average power level consistent. However, while this makes perfect sense with lasers, it is totally unnecessary for full body beds and panels. The BETTER solution is to simply use the correct irradiance to avoid unwanted heating side effects.

2. Brainwave Entrainment
The concept of brain entrainment with pulsed light therapy, primarily championed by Michael Hamblin, posits that aligning the pulsing of red light with the brain’s natural rhythms can enhance relaxation, creativity and healing. A common frequency used for this pairing is 10Hz, which corresponds to the brain’s alpha rhythm. While Hamblin’s theory suggests that light pulse frequency could resonate with brain wave frequency, we have limited clinical evidence supporting the use of pulsed light for enhanced or different health outcomes compared to CW light.
While many companies claim to have special clinical protocols based on pulsing the light at specific frequencies, the therapeutic effectiveness of light therapy primarily stems from the wavelengths used, not the pulsing of these wavelengths. Wavelengths correspond to specific frequencies which deliver specific health benefits. The correct way to formulate light therapy protocols is by using the clinically validated wavelengths that offer specific and conclusive health outcomes. Additionally, pulsing visible light such as blue, green or reds poses a high risk to those with conditions such as photosensitive epilepsy.
In conclusion, pulsed light in high-power red light therapy devices offers key benefits like efficient heat management and potential alignment with brain rhythms. Yet its superiority over continuous wave therapy, particularly in terms of optimal health outcomes, is not conclusively supported by reputable clinical evidence. Case in point, there is ZERO evidence of using pulsed light on LED panels or beds! All pulsed light studies are done with lasers pressed into the skin. The key therapeutic benefit of light therapy lies in the wavelengths utilized - and true irradiance – and NOT in the pulsing of these wavelengths (See appendix A for a very detailed discussion on pulsing).
The concept of brain entrainment with pulsed light therapy, primarily championed by Michael Hamblin, posits that aligning the pulsing of red light with the brain’s natural rhythms can enhance relaxation, creativity and healing. A common frequency used for this pairing is 10Hz, which corresponds to the brain’s alpha rhythm. While Hamblin’s theory suggests that light pulse frequency could resonate with brain wave frequency, we have limited clinical evidence supporting the use of pulsed light for enhanced or different health outcomes compared to CW light.
While many companies claim to have special clinical protocols based on pulsing the light at specific frequencies, the therapeutic effectiveness of light therapy primarily stems from the wavelengths used, not the pulsing of these wavelengths. Wavelengths correspond to specific frequencies which deliver specific health benefits. The correct way to formulate light therapy protocols is by using the clinically validated wavelengths that offer specific and conclusive health outcomes. Additionally, pulsing visible light such as blue, green or reds poses a high risk to those with conditions such as photosensitive epilepsy.
In conclusion, pulsed light in high-power red light therapy devices offers key benefits like efficient heat management and potential alignment with brain rhythms. Yet its superiority over continuous wave therapy, particularly in terms of optimal health outcomes, is not conclusively supported by reputable clinical evidence. Case in point, there is ZERO evidence of using pulsed light on LED panels or beds! All pulsed light studies are done with lasers pressed into the skin. The key therapeutic benefit of light therapy lies in the wavelengths utilized - and true irradiance – and NOT in the pulsing of these wavelengths (See appendix A for a very detailed discussion on pulsing).
Point #9: Low For EMF Emissions—Passive And/Or Active EMF Protection

It’s also crucial that we inquire about two important points - whether the red light bed generates electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions, and can manufacturers substantiate their claims with evidence. All electronic appliances emit EMFs, and there is an ongoing debate about the implications of EMFs on health. According to stringent European safety guidelines, regular exposure to EMFs should not exceed 3 milligauss (mG). For context, we should mention that a mobile phone emits considerably more than this amount every few seconds. When in use, a mobile phone’s emissions can surge beyond 3mG, reaching up to 50mG or even nearing 100mG. Likewise, a domestic blender can emit EMFs in excess of 100mG.
We have two powerful strategies to minimize EMFs. The first involves passive design, ensuring that we position the EMF source as far away from the user as possible, in addition to specific wiring configurations. The second is the active mitigation of EMFs, employing various targeted technologies to reduce EMF levels.
Given that the average duration of a red light therapy session ranges from 10-20 minutes, the associated EMF exposure risk is relatively low. Still, we must stay informed about these aspects. We should opt for a red light bed that demonstrably emits low levels of EMFs. We should place our trust not merely in the manufacturer’s claims, but on the provision of tangible proof to demonstrate these claims.
We have two powerful strategies to minimize EMFs. The first involves passive design, ensuring that we position the EMF source as far away from the user as possible, in addition to specific wiring configurations. The second is the active mitigation of EMFs, employing various targeted technologies to reduce EMF levels.
Given that the average duration of a red light therapy session ranges from 10-20 minutes, the associated EMF exposure risk is relatively low. Still, we must stay informed about these aspects. We should opt for a red light bed that demonstrably emits low levels of EMFs. We should place our trust not merely in the manufacturer’s claims, but on the provision of tangible proof to demonstrate these claims.
Point #10: Price and Value
(Not the Cheapest but the Best Value/Dollar)
(Not the Cheapest but the Best Value/Dollar)
Another critical factor we must consider is price, and it is helpful to understand the justification behind the retail cost of red light beds. A thorough examination of the red light bed market reveals numerous excessively priced options. We need not invest more than $100,000 in any full-body red light bed, regardless of circumstances. However, we must remain cautious of more affordable alternatives, as they may lack a robust warranty, quality assurance, customer support and other essential features reputable manufacturers typically provide. These are usually made in China.
To make an informed decision regarding the purchase of a red light bed, the following considerations are essential:
Value for Investment: Evaluate the bed’s functionalities, performance and overall quality relative to its price, ensuring that you attain optimal value for your expenditure.
Future Expenditures: Reflect on potential long-term costs linked with the bed, especially taking into account maintenance, replacement components, and energy consumption.
Financing Alternatives: Investigate whether the manufacturer offers financing solutions, enabling you to distribute the cost of your investment over a specified period of time, which can be particularly advantageous for business cash flow.
Return on Investment (For Businesses): Analyze the potential revenue generation and return on investment by considering factors such as treatment pricing, client turnover and how the bed will be utilized. This analysis will assist you in determining whether the investment in the red light bed is economically justified, given its prospective financial returns.
To make an informed decision regarding the purchase of a red light bed, the following considerations are essential:
Value for Investment: Evaluate the bed’s functionalities, performance and overall quality relative to its price, ensuring that you attain optimal value for your expenditure.
Future Expenditures: Reflect on potential long-term costs linked with the bed, especially taking into account maintenance, replacement components, and energy consumption.
Financing Alternatives: Investigate whether the manufacturer offers financing solutions, enabling you to distribute the cost of your investment over a specified period of time, which can be particularly advantageous for business cash flow.
Return on Investment (For Businesses): Analyze the potential revenue generation and return on investment by considering factors such as treatment pricing, client turnover and how the bed will be utilized. This analysis will assist you in determining whether the investment in the red light bed is economically justified, given its prospective financial returns.

Point #11: The Warranty and Its Coverage
The warranty provision is another crucial aspect that should spark our inquiries. A thorough warranty and efficient customer support are indispensable for resolving potential issues, offering assurance and safe- guarding our investment.
We must review the specifics of any warranty, including the most minute details. At minimum, we should aim for a five-year comprehensive warranty that includes coverage for any potential malfunctions. While some companies might propose limited warranties, i.e. two-year plans, others may advertise five-year warranties that exclude numerous items (check the fine print). Remarkably, one company out there extends a five-year warranty solely on the bed’s frame, arguably the least of our concerns.
Many companies boast U.S.-based assembly and rigorous quality checks, only to offer a mere two-year warranty. Remember, a comprehensive warranty serves as a reflection of the product’s quality, indicating the manufacturer’s confidence in their design and product.
Additional factors to consider include:
Replacement Policy: Ensure that the warranty includes a straightforward and equitable replacement policy for faulty components, aiming to minimize disruption to business operations and main tain operational continuity.
Maintenance Services: Investigate whether the manufacturer’s warranty offers maintenance services. This provides added value and support, enhancing the longevity of your investment.
Customer Service Reputation: Examine the company’s reputation regarding customer service and their track record in honoring warranties. Assess their estimated response times for issue resolution, which is crucial for reducing potential revenue loss and ensuring efficient problem resolution.
We cannot stress enough how paramount it is to have clarity regarding the warranty’s coverage. We must strive to secure a red light bed that offers a comprehensive five-year “bumper to bumper” warranty, safe-guarding our investment and providing peace of mind.
The warranty provision is another crucial aspect that should spark our inquiries. A thorough warranty and efficient customer support are indispensable for resolving potential issues, offering assurance and safe- guarding our investment.
We must review the specifics of any warranty, including the most minute details. At minimum, we should aim for a five-year comprehensive warranty that includes coverage for any potential malfunctions. While some companies might propose limited warranties, i.e. two-year plans, others may advertise five-year warranties that exclude numerous items (check the fine print). Remarkably, one company out there extends a five-year warranty solely on the bed’s frame, arguably the least of our concerns.
Many companies boast U.S.-based assembly and rigorous quality checks, only to offer a mere two-year warranty. Remember, a comprehensive warranty serves as a reflection of the product’s quality, indicating the manufacturer’s confidence in their design and product.
Additional factors to consider include:
Replacement Policy: Ensure that the warranty includes a straightforward and equitable replacement policy for faulty components, aiming to minimize disruption to business operations and main tain operational continuity.
Maintenance Services: Investigate whether the manufacturer’s warranty offers maintenance services. This provides added value and support, enhancing the longevity of your investment.
Customer Service Reputation: Examine the company’s reputation regarding customer service and their track record in honoring warranties. Assess their estimated response times for issue resolution, which is crucial for reducing potential revenue loss and ensuring efficient problem resolution.
We cannot stress enough how paramount it is to have clarity regarding the warranty’s coverage. We must strive to secure a red light bed that offers a comprehensive five-year “bumper to bumper” warranty, safe-guarding our investment and providing peace of mind.

Point #12: Bed Assembled with Strict Quality Standards
The quality of a red light bed’s assembly is pivotal for ensuring its longevity, dependability and optimal performance over time. A company utilizing top-notch components and meticulous construction methods can substantially diminish the likelihood of equipment failure, curtail maintenance expenditures and heighten client satisfaction. Additionally, we must ascertain whether the product is designed and assembled domestically or by an overseas third party. If the latter, we have to ask, does it conform to U.S. standards of quality and safety? Is the product generated by a private label, or is it directly assembled by the company that markets it?
In the assessment of red light beds, we must consider various aspects of assembly quality:
Materials: Opt for beds constructed from robust and durable materials like stainless steel, aluminum, or high-grade plastics. These materials are crucial for enduring heavy usage and ensuring a prolonged service life.
Electrical Components: Ensure that the bed’s electrical elements, including LED lights, power units and control mechanisms, are procured from established manufacturers and designed to meet the rigors of commercial utilization.
Assembly Process: The bed should be assembled with precision-driven manufacturing practices and stringent quality control protocols, aiming to secure uniform performance and minimize the potential for defects or operational failures.
Regulatory Compliance: The red light bed must adhere to pertinent industry standards and regulations which affirming its safety and performance efficacy.
Testing and Certification: The bed should be subjected to exhaustive testing both during assembly and before shipment. Esteemed red light bed manufacturers conduct irradiance and wavelength evaluations using lab-grade, calibrated and certified spectrometers. A critical 24-hour operational test ensures all device features and components are in perfect working order prior to delivery. This test should also include thermal imaging scans, which verify that the bed and its electronic components are operating within the appropriate temperature ranges. Issuing a commissioning report for each manufactured bed is paramount, as it verifies that all manufacturing and assembly standards have been met and that the product is reliable and safe for end-users.
The quality of a red light bed’s assembly is pivotal for ensuring its longevity, dependability and optimal performance over time. A company utilizing top-notch components and meticulous construction methods can substantially diminish the likelihood of equipment failure, curtail maintenance expenditures and heighten client satisfaction. Additionally, we must ascertain whether the product is designed and assembled domestically or by an overseas third party. If the latter, we have to ask, does it conform to U.S. standards of quality and safety? Is the product generated by a private label, or is it directly assembled by the company that markets it?
In the assessment of red light beds, we must consider various aspects of assembly quality:
Materials: Opt for beds constructed from robust and durable materials like stainless steel, aluminum, or high-grade plastics. These materials are crucial for enduring heavy usage and ensuring a prolonged service life.
Electrical Components: Ensure that the bed’s electrical elements, including LED lights, power units and control mechanisms, are procured from established manufacturers and designed to meet the rigors of commercial utilization.
Assembly Process: The bed should be assembled with precision-driven manufacturing practices and stringent quality control protocols, aiming to secure uniform performance and minimize the potential for defects or operational failures.
Regulatory Compliance: The red light bed must adhere to pertinent industry standards and regulations which affirming its safety and performance efficacy.
Testing and Certification: The bed should be subjected to exhaustive testing both during assembly and before shipment. Esteemed red light bed manufacturers conduct irradiance and wavelength evaluations using lab-grade, calibrated and certified spectrometers. A critical 24-hour operational test ensures all device features and components are in perfect working order prior to delivery. This test should also include thermal imaging scans, which verify that the bed and its electronic components are operating within the appropriate temperature ranges. Issuing a commissioning report for each manufactured bed is paramount, as it verifies that all manufacturing and assembly standards have been met and that the product is reliable and safe for end-users.

Point #13: FDA registration and the Product FDA Cleared?
It is imperative that we inquire whether both the company and its assembly manufacturer are registered with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and if the product itself has received FDA clearance. We should always request tangible proof of active FDA registration and take the initiative to validate this information through the official FDA database, as there are instances where companies and products claim certain things yet lack the necessary registrations and clearances.
This inquiry is crucial because a company’s FDA registration and product clearance, along with other safety and quality certifications, demonstrates their adherence to pertinent regulatory standards. It also highlights that the product has gained endorsements from authoritative bodies, ensuring its safety and effectiveness for users. Simply by confirming their status, we’re taking an informed and proactive step to confirm the legitimacy and compliance of the product and the company behind it, ultimately safeguarding your investment and the well-being of end-users.
It is imperative that we inquire whether both the company and its assembly manufacturer are registered with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and if the product itself has received FDA clearance. We should always request tangible proof of active FDA registration and take the initiative to validate this information through the official FDA database, as there are instances where companies and products claim certain things yet lack the necessary registrations and clearances.
This inquiry is crucial because a company’s FDA registration and product clearance, along with other safety and quality certifications, demonstrates their adherence to pertinent regulatory standards. It also highlights that the product has gained endorsements from authoritative bodies, ensuring its safety and effectiveness for users. Simply by confirming their status, we’re taking an informed and proactive step to confirm the legitimacy and compliance of the product and the company behind it, ultimately safeguarding your investment and the well-being of end-users.

Point #14: High End Customer Service, Training and Support
Investing in red light therapy beds requires a substantial financial commitment, underscoring the importance of securing exemplary customer service throughout the entire life cycle of the product. This encompasses assistance from the moment an order is placed, progressing through shipping and delivery, and finally, extending to post-purchase support such as training and troubleshooting.
We should also determine if the company’s personnel are well-versed in the scientific underpinnings of red light therapy, including the latest research, and adept at providing precise dosage recommendations. Beyond a smooth transactional experience, this positions us to maximize the therapeutic benefits of our investment, backed by informed and competent guidance. Ensuring these criteria are met is pivotal in fostering a positive and supportive customer relationship, which is an integral part of investing in advanced therapeutic technology such as red light therapy beds.
Investing in red light therapy beds requires a substantial financial commitment, underscoring the importance of securing exemplary customer service throughout the entire life cycle of the product. This encompasses assistance from the moment an order is placed, progressing through shipping and delivery, and finally, extending to post-purchase support such as training and troubleshooting.
We should also determine if the company’s personnel are well-versed in the scientific underpinnings of red light therapy, including the latest research, and adept at providing precise dosage recommendations. Beyond a smooth transactional experience, this positions us to maximize the therapeutic benefits of our investment, backed by informed and competent guidance. Ensuring these criteria are met is pivotal in fostering a positive and supportive customer relationship, which is an integral part of investing in advanced therapeutic technology such as red light therapy beds.

Point #15: Product Design (For Business)
The architectural structure of a red light therapy bed holds considerable influence over its practicality, efficiency and the overall client experience. An optimally designed red light bed should encapsulate aesthetic appeal, ease of use and personal comfort.
When assessing red light therapy beds, we must pay attention to the following design elements:
Ease of Access: Ensure that the bed is readily accessible, accommodating clients with varying mobility levels, including those dependent on wheelchairs or walking aids.
Sanitation: Opt for materials that facilitate easy cleaning and maintenance, part of a sanitary treatment space for all clients.
Ventilation: A design that promotes adequate air flow is essential to prevent overheating during sessions, thereby boosting client comfort and safety. It is noteworthy that certain beds may necessitate cooling periods between sessions, potentially impacting revenue.
Aesthetic Quality: A red light therapy bed with an attractive appearance can leave an enduring positive impression on clients, contributing significantly to a professional and contemporary treatment setting.
Incorporating these design considerations will ensure that the red light therapy bed not only meets aesthetic standards but also excels in functionality and client comfort, leading to a superior therapeutic experience.
The architectural structure of a red light therapy bed holds considerable influence over its practicality, efficiency and the overall client experience. An optimally designed red light bed should encapsulate aesthetic appeal, ease of use and personal comfort.
When assessing red light therapy beds, we must pay attention to the following design elements:
Ease of Access: Ensure that the bed is readily accessible, accommodating clients with varying mobility levels, including those dependent on wheelchairs or walking aids.
Sanitation: Opt for materials that facilitate easy cleaning and maintenance, part of a sanitary treatment space for all clients.
Ventilation: A design that promotes adequate air flow is essential to prevent overheating during sessions, thereby boosting client comfort and safety. It is noteworthy that certain beds may necessitate cooling periods between sessions, potentially impacting revenue.
Aesthetic Quality: A red light therapy bed with an attractive appearance can leave an enduring positive impression on clients, contributing significantly to a professional and contemporary treatment setting.
Incorporating these design considerations will ensure that the red light therapy bed not only meets aesthetic standards but also excels in functionality and client comfort, leading to a superior therapeutic experience.
Point #16: Business and Marketing Support (For Business)?

Optimizing Success In Offering Red Light Therapy
Red light therapy (RLT) has gained significant traction within the health and wellness sector, presenting numerous potential advantages for clients. For business proprietors aiming to effectively generate income via red light beds, it is imperative that they meticulously evaluate vital elements such as client experience, session pricing, accessibility and strategies for acquiring beds. This segment aims to delve into these crucial factors, guiding us towards enhancing client contentment and amplifying sustained revenue for our ventures.
By placing client satisfaction at the forefront, ensuring competitive pricing, and selecting the most apt acquisition strategy tailored to our enterprise, we place ourselves in a perfect position to boost and prolong revenue streams and solidify our standing in the red light therapy domain.
Crucially, we need to acknowledge that the session pricing remains constant, irrespective of the red light bed’s acquisition cost or the method employed to obtain it. By opting for a cost-effective red light bed and upholding competitive pricing for the sessions we offer, our business stands to generate great profits in the long term.
Red light therapy (RLT) has gained significant traction within the health and wellness sector, presenting numerous potential advantages for clients. For business proprietors aiming to effectively generate income via red light beds, it is imperative that they meticulously evaluate vital elements such as client experience, session pricing, accessibility and strategies for acquiring beds. This segment aims to delve into these crucial factors, guiding us towards enhancing client contentment and amplifying sustained revenue for our ventures.
By placing client satisfaction at the forefront, ensuring competitive pricing, and selecting the most apt acquisition strategy tailored to our enterprise, we place ourselves in a perfect position to boost and prolong revenue streams and solidify our standing in the red light therapy domain.
Crucially, we need to acknowledge that the session pricing remains constant, irrespective of the red light bed’s acquisition cost or the method employed to obtain it. By opting for a cost-effective red light bed and upholding competitive pricing for the sessions we offer, our business stands to generate great profits in the long term.
References
[1] Barolet D, Christiaens F, Hamblin MR. Infrared and Skin: Friend or Foe. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2016.
[2] E. J. Calabrese, “The future of hormesis: where do we go from here?,” Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 31(4-5), 637–48 (2001).
[3] Hamblin, M, et al. (2018). Low-level light therapy: Photobiomodulation. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
[4] Hamblin, M, et al. (2018). Low-level light therapy: Photobiomodulation. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
[5] Lane, N., 2006. Cell biology: power games. Nature 443 (7114), 901903.
[6] Hart, Nathan S. Fitzgerald, Melinda. A New Perspective On Delivery of Red-Near-Infrared light therapy for disorders of the brain. Sep- tember 19th, 2016 http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Nathan-S- Hart/2016/09/a-new-perspective-on-delivery-of-red-near-infrared- light-therapy-for-disorders-of-the-brain/
[7] Huang YY, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy - an update. Dose Response. 2011;9(4):602-18.
[8] Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht H-J. Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2015;5:12029.
[1] Barolet D, Christiaens F, Hamblin MR. Infrared and Skin: Friend or Foe. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2016.
[2] E. J. Calabrese, “The future of hormesis: where do we go from here?,” Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 31(4-5), 637–48 (2001).
[3] Hamblin, M, et al. (2018). Low-level light therapy: Photobiomodulation. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
[4] Hamblin, M, et al. (2018). Low-level light therapy: Photobiomodulation. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
[5] Lane, N., 2006. Cell biology: power games. Nature 443 (7114), 901903.
[6] Hart, Nathan S. Fitzgerald, Melinda. A New Perspective On Delivery of Red-Near-Infrared light therapy for disorders of the brain. Sep- tember 19th, 2016 http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Nathan-S- Hart/2016/09/a-new-perspective-on-delivery-of-red-near-infrared- light-therapy-for-disorders-of-the-brain/
[7] Huang YY, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy - an update. Dose Response. 2011;9(4):602-18.
[8] Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht H-J. Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2015;5:12029.
******END OF CHAPTER*****
NO MORE EDITING OR ILLUSTRATIONS PAST THIS POINT
NO MORE EDITING OR ILLUSTRATIONS PAST THIS POINT
I. Part 1 - Wavelengths and Spectrum
600-680, 800-880, and either 980 or 1064
--Research has shown low 800's to penetrate the deepest so its good to have at least one 808 or 810.
600-680, 800-880, and either 980 or 1064
--Research has shown low 800's to penetrate the deepest so its good to have at least one 808 or 810.
B. Wavelengths Part 2 - Spectral Content
You Want a Wide Spectrum of Wavelengths in the research proven range
A photon is a photon and all that defines it is its wavelength. This is important to grasp because it doesn't matter if that photon is from a laser or led, it is still a photon. Now lasers DO have coherence which can create phenomena like laser speckle which "may" help with deeper penetration, but still a photon at a given wavelength is exactly the same regardless of whether it comes from a LASER or LED. In chapter 16 we showed compelling evidence for Cytochrome C Oxidase (CCO) being the main chromophore involved in all the wonderful mechanisms and healing benefits of Red light therapy. Now CCO has 16 different configurations due to the 2 copper and 2 heme centers each have a oxidized and reduced state and EACH of those configurations has a different band gap which gives CCO a broad spectrum of wavelengths it absorbs. NOT JUST 1!
Now follow me here because it seems most red light therapy companies have not gotten this memo: So it follows that the BEST possible red light therapy device will have the BROADEST spectrum of frequencies in the 605-680 and 800-880 range with at least ONE 980 or 1064.
Stated another way, Red Light therapy can be like a multi-vitamin or multi-light-a-min as explained in chapter 3. Having a broad spectrum of biologically active wavelengths available is like having a broad spectrum multivitamin to give optimal results as more photons are available to resonant with different chromophores and their varying configurations!
The analogy here is like taking "just" vitamin A and vitamin D and nothing else vs taking a full spectrum multivitamin with A, B1,B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, E, D, and full spectrum of vitamins, minerals, and other phytochemicals/antioxidants, etc. A good Red light therapy system with 5 or 6 different wavelengths gives you a rich spectral content is like a good multivitamin, that gives you everything you need ALL AT once. In the context of red light therapy, multiple wavelengths "blanket" the biologically active range of Mitochondrial chromophores like CCO as we'll see next.
LEDS - What LEDS lack in coherence that make up for in offering a broader spectrum of wavelengths. Because typical LEDS have a FWHM (full width at half maximum) spread of +/- 15nm (average range), you can fully blanket (or come close) the biologically known ranges with as little as 6 LEDS. Now there are manufacturing challenges of using more than 6 and frankly I think it is unnecessary. Here's an example:
If you use say a) 630nm, b) 660nm, c) 810nm, d) 830nm and e) 850nm you effectively cover
a) 615-645nm
b) 645-675nm
That's almost entire range of 600s and some say 630-680 is ideal so that covers that with 5nm!
c)795-825nm
d) 815-845nm
e) 835-865nm
That's almost entire range of 800s within 15nm!
Now you could tinker with the 800s but the 810, 830 and 850 are by FAR the most research so its best to go with having the PEAKS at the research proven wavelengths VERSUS just trying to completely fill the range. Because as the image here shows, that peak of the gaussian curve with be the greatest number of photons so we want to strategically pick the most researched wavelengths that combined best blanket this range AND include a 980nm because of the many benefits that come from that (more on that next). Makes sense right?
Using the wrong wavelength (usually this is not a problem as most products use research proven wavelengths, but some do not, so always check. It is also worth noting your best bet is frequencies like 630, 660, 810, 830, 850 and 980 with AT LEAST one 630-680 and at least one 800-880 as research shows there is a synergy having both. But even better is adding a 980!
While most Red light therapy devices use one or more of the research proven wavelengths, very few use multiple wavelengths to blanket the biologically active absorption spectrums of CCO and water.
Watch for misleading numbers as many manufacturers will show artificially high numbers to make the investment look too good to be true. Some companies have told potential business owners that they can charge up to $300 per session. Given that the National average is between $35 and $85, it’s an absurd suggestion and certainly misleading.
This is a very important question to ask, what is the price and WHY is the price what it is. Investigating the entire red light bed niche, there are a lot of OVERPRICED BEDS that are way more expensive than they should be. Really at the end of the day it boils down to features like wavelengths used, true Irradiance values (field only measurements), pulsing options AND quality of manufacturing (gauged by warranty). Add to that all the additional questions and points we are bringing up in this guide. It is our opinion that you DO NOT need to spend over $60,000 for ANY whole body light bed for ANY reason! But buyer beware of cheaper beds on Alibaba that will not have a warranty, quality, support, etc. that a reputable company based in the U.S. will have!
So don't overpay but at the same time don’t settle for a cheap bed that is poorly made that will break down. Many times cheap products end up “COSTING” you more and you'll be stuck with a large appliance that will just take up space!
You Want a Wide Spectrum of Wavelengths in the research proven range
A photon is a photon and all that defines it is its wavelength. This is important to grasp because it doesn't matter if that photon is from a laser or led, it is still a photon. Now lasers DO have coherence which can create phenomena like laser speckle which "may" help with deeper penetration, but still a photon at a given wavelength is exactly the same regardless of whether it comes from a LASER or LED. In chapter 16 we showed compelling evidence for Cytochrome C Oxidase (CCO) being the main chromophore involved in all the wonderful mechanisms and healing benefits of Red light therapy. Now CCO has 16 different configurations due to the 2 copper and 2 heme centers each have a oxidized and reduced state and EACH of those configurations has a different band gap which gives CCO a broad spectrum of wavelengths it absorbs. NOT JUST 1!
Now follow me here because it seems most red light therapy companies have not gotten this memo: So it follows that the BEST possible red light therapy device will have the BROADEST spectrum of frequencies in the 605-680 and 800-880 range with at least ONE 980 or 1064.
Stated another way, Red Light therapy can be like a multi-vitamin or multi-light-a-min as explained in chapter 3. Having a broad spectrum of biologically active wavelengths available is like having a broad spectrum multivitamin to give optimal results as more photons are available to resonant with different chromophores and their varying configurations!
The analogy here is like taking "just" vitamin A and vitamin D and nothing else vs taking a full spectrum multivitamin with A, B1,B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, E, D, and full spectrum of vitamins, minerals, and other phytochemicals/antioxidants, etc. A good Red light therapy system with 5 or 6 different wavelengths gives you a rich spectral content is like a good multivitamin, that gives you everything you need ALL AT once. In the context of red light therapy, multiple wavelengths "blanket" the biologically active range of Mitochondrial chromophores like CCO as we'll see next.
LEDS - What LEDS lack in coherence that make up for in offering a broader spectrum of wavelengths. Because typical LEDS have a FWHM (full width at half maximum) spread of +/- 15nm (average range), you can fully blanket (or come close) the biologically known ranges with as little as 6 LEDS. Now there are manufacturing challenges of using more than 6 and frankly I think it is unnecessary. Here's an example:
If you use say a) 630nm, b) 660nm, c) 810nm, d) 830nm and e) 850nm you effectively cover
a) 615-645nm
b) 645-675nm
That's almost entire range of 600s and some say 630-680 is ideal so that covers that with 5nm!
c)795-825nm
d) 815-845nm
e) 835-865nm
That's almost entire range of 800s within 15nm!
Now you could tinker with the 800s but the 810, 830 and 850 are by FAR the most research so its best to go with having the PEAKS at the research proven wavelengths VERSUS just trying to completely fill the range. Because as the image here shows, that peak of the gaussian curve with be the greatest number of photons so we want to strategically pick the most researched wavelengths that combined best blanket this range AND include a 980nm because of the many benefits that come from that (more on that next). Makes sense right?
Using the wrong wavelength (usually this is not a problem as most products use research proven wavelengths, but some do not, so always check. It is also worth noting your best bet is frequencies like 630, 660, 810, 830, 850 and 980 with AT LEAST one 630-680 and at least one 800-880 as research shows there is a synergy having both. But even better is adding a 980!
While most Red light therapy devices use one or more of the research proven wavelengths, very few use multiple wavelengths to blanket the biologically active absorption spectrums of CCO and water.
Watch for misleading numbers as many manufacturers will show artificially high numbers to make the investment look too good to be true. Some companies have told potential business owners that they can charge up to $300 per session. Given that the National average is between $35 and $85, it’s an absurd suggestion and certainly misleading.
This is a very important question to ask, what is the price and WHY is the price what it is. Investigating the entire red light bed niche, there are a lot of OVERPRICED BEDS that are way more expensive than they should be. Really at the end of the day it boils down to features like wavelengths used, true Irradiance values (field only measurements), pulsing options AND quality of manufacturing (gauged by warranty). Add to that all the additional questions and points we are bringing up in this guide. It is our opinion that you DO NOT need to spend over $60,000 for ANY whole body light bed for ANY reason! But buyer beware of cheaper beds on Alibaba that will not have a warranty, quality, support, etc. that a reputable company based in the U.S. will have!
So don't overpay but at the same time don’t settle for a cheap bed that is poorly made that will break down. Many times cheap products end up “COSTING” you more and you'll be stuck with a large appliance that will just take up space!

Light Sources - LED vs LASER
A comparison of emission spectra of light emitting diode (LED) emission relative to that of laser emission. LEDs provide a diverging conical beam of light wherein the energy and frequency of the light diverges with greater distance from the center of the beam. The full-width, half- maximum (FWHM) of an LED is in the range of 30 nm, while the FWHM of a laser is on the order of 2 nm.
A comparison of emission spectra of light emitting diode (LED) emission relative to that of laser emission. LEDs provide a diverging conical beam of light wherein the energy and frequency of the light diverges with greater distance from the center of the beam. The full-width, half- maximum (FWHM) of an LED is in the range of 30 nm, while the FWHM of a laser is on the order of 2 nm.
C. Feel The Difference! The Warmth of having a 905+ is worth it alone!
Also research shows wavelengths at 905+ use "Water as a Chromophore" for Benefits not found in wavelengths below 905. Ideally 980 is best!
Generally, wavelengths above 905nm will have more limited penetration because they are superficially being absorbed by the water in our skin, but that have less scattering so they do absorb deeper than the 600's (but less then the 800s). It is from 905+ which is why we immediately feel the warm sensation on our skin when exposed to direct sunlight or heat lamps. Because of this you will feel more of a warmth using these wavelengths. Not like a sauna, more like the warmth of the sun on a 80 degree day at the beach with little wind. Not enough to make you sweat but enough to make you feel GOOD! Above 905nm is where water absorption starts to take over.
Many red light devices are missing a frequency in the 900's which is a major drawback as Michael Hamblin and others have EXCELLENT research on these wavelengths. Also having personally tried whole red light beds with and without a 900+, I can tell you the experience is MUCH more pleasurable and enjoyable having this warmth that even the 800's do not produce much of!!
NOTE: 905+ wavelengths are more potent so you don't need as much. Ideally if you have a whole light bed, turn the 905+ to half power of the others assuming you are using a device with a strong irradiance 20 mW/cm^2 and up.
Why 980nm or possibly 1064nm?
First and most importantly, doing an extensive search of pub med and other research databases it was clear 980nm had the MOST research of any wavelength above 905nm. The second most common was 1064 and the rest were a distant third.
We saw in chapter 7 that 980nm was specifically used in research involving heat/light gated ion channels (TRPV channels) that modulate Calcium levels and also 980nm was used in the study showing enhanced ATP-ase activity which means enhanced ATP production! If there is a case to be made for any other wavelength above 905nm it would be 1064nm which had the second most research studies. Significantly 1064nm is the peak absorption converting ground state oxygen to singlet oxygen so it may help to enhance ATP activity. But comparing these two, 980 comes out on top in the author's opinion based on sheer number of research studies alone.
Also research shows wavelengths at 905+ use "Water as a Chromophore" for Benefits not found in wavelengths below 905. Ideally 980 is best!
Generally, wavelengths above 905nm will have more limited penetration because they are superficially being absorbed by the water in our skin, but that have less scattering so they do absorb deeper than the 600's (but less then the 800s). It is from 905+ which is why we immediately feel the warm sensation on our skin when exposed to direct sunlight or heat lamps. Because of this you will feel more of a warmth using these wavelengths. Not like a sauna, more like the warmth of the sun on a 80 degree day at the beach with little wind. Not enough to make you sweat but enough to make you feel GOOD! Above 905nm is where water absorption starts to take over.
Many red light devices are missing a frequency in the 900's which is a major drawback as Michael Hamblin and others have EXCELLENT research on these wavelengths. Also having personally tried whole red light beds with and without a 900+, I can tell you the experience is MUCH more pleasurable and enjoyable having this warmth that even the 800's do not produce much of!!
NOTE: 905+ wavelengths are more potent so you don't need as much. Ideally if you have a whole light bed, turn the 905+ to half power of the others assuming you are using a device with a strong irradiance 20 mW/cm^2 and up.
Why 980nm or possibly 1064nm?
First and most importantly, doing an extensive search of pub med and other research databases it was clear 980nm had the MOST research of any wavelength above 905nm. The second most common was 1064 and the rest were a distant third.
We saw in chapter 7 that 980nm was specifically used in research involving heat/light gated ion channels (TRPV channels) that modulate Calcium levels and also 980nm was used in the study showing enhanced ATP-ase activity which means enhanced ATP production! If there is a case to be made for any other wavelength above 905nm it would be 1064nm which had the second most research studies. Significantly 1064nm is the peak absorption converting ground state oxygen to singlet oxygen so it may help to enhance ATP activity. But comparing these two, 980 comes out on top in the author's opinion based on sheer number of research studies alone.

Evidence 980 Modulates Calcium Gated Ion Channels via Water as Chromophore
9. Wang Y, Huang YY, Wang Y, Lyu P, Hamblin MR. Photobiomodulation of human adipose-derived stem cells using 810 nm and 980 nm lasers operates via different mechanisms of action. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017;1861:441–449.
9. Wang Y, Huang YY, Wang Y, Lyu P, Hamblin MR. Photobiomodulation of human adipose-derived stem cells using 810 nm and 980 nm lasers operates via different mechanisms of action. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017;1861:441–449.

**980 and ATPase**
The hypothesis is that a reduction in the viscosity of EZ water surrounding the mitochondrial membrane will allow these rotors to turn faster and, therefore, create more ATP.
7. Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht H-J. Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2015;5:12029.
The hypothesis is that a reduction in the viscosity of EZ water surrounding the mitochondrial membrane will allow these rotors to turn faster and, therefore, create more ATP.
7. Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht H-J. Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2015;5:12029.

New Mechanism Proposed
Some wavelengths in the Red and NIR can directly affect ground state Oxygen to Singlet Oxygen. You can see a peak at 1063/1064.
Some wavelengths in the Red and NIR can directly affect ground state Oxygen to Singlet Oxygen. You can see a peak at 1063/1064.
II. Part 2 - True Irradiance and Total Optical Power
BIGGEST SCAM KNOWINGLY OR UNKNOWINGLY IN ALL OF RLT!!
BIGGEST SCAM KNOWINGLY OR UNKNOWINGLY IN ALL OF RLT!!
A. True Irradiance (Important to be at least 10-20 mW/cm^2 - Ideally 20-30mW/cm^2 )
Review Irradiance is perhaps the most important intensity or power parameter. Light irradiance is the power density of red light over a given area. It refers to the number of photons that are flowing through a certain area and are available for absorption into your cells. In simple terms, irradiance is the amount of light energy output from a source at the point when it connects with its target (your skin), rather than the energy level at its source. The unit of measure for light irradiance is power divided by area which is usually expressed in milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm²).
If power density/irradiance is not considered and only wavelength is factored into the equation of successful red light therapy, you could end up with a low-powered device that will not provide enough red light to be beneficial. No matter what the wavelength, if irradiance is too low, the device will not be as effective in cellular penetration (except for maybe skin and superficial issues). A higher power density/irradiance output also makes for more efficient therapy. Greater therapeutic benefits are achieved in less time because the light you are absorbing is more intense.
Review Irradiance is perhaps the most important intensity or power parameter. Light irradiance is the power density of red light over a given area. It refers to the number of photons that are flowing through a certain area and are available for absorption into your cells. In simple terms, irradiance is the amount of light energy output from a source at the point when it connects with its target (your skin), rather than the energy level at its source. The unit of measure for light irradiance is power divided by area which is usually expressed in milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm²).
If power density/irradiance is not considered and only wavelength is factored into the equation of successful red light therapy, you could end up with a low-powered device that will not provide enough red light to be beneficial. No matter what the wavelength, if irradiance is too low, the device will not be as effective in cellular penetration (except for maybe skin and superficial issues). A higher power density/irradiance output also makes for more efficient therapy. Greater therapeutic benefits are achieved in less time because the light you are absorbing is more intense.
It does seem from research literature that if an irradiance UNDER 5 mW/cm^2 will be ineffective regardless how long a time is used. It also seems the idea range is between 10 and 50 mW/cm^2. For full body light beds, the strongest we have tested have been around 30mW/cm^2 using a lab grade spectrometer (again, companies reporting over 100 mW/cm^2 are typically using a solar meter and reporting skewed or rather just bogus results which leads us to the biggest scam in the Red Light Therapy Industry!
Bogus Irradiance Readings - The Biggest Scam in the Red Light Therapy Industry!

Now there are calculators that are available online that can convert certain brands of solarmeters to more accurate numbers but even these are UNRELIABLE because they are tested for only specific wavelengths and solarmeters have skewed outputs that are wavelength dependent!! Here you can see the response curve of a popular solar meter that peaks in the 800s and 900s that would give a very skewed result for panels and beds using 800-1000nm bulbs!!
How many photobiomodulation studies use Solar Power Meters or cheap meters of ANY KIND!? ZERO! No self-respecting scientist or "expert" would use one of them. It is a quick litmus test to tell who the fake "experts" are out there. Many brands will give you a laundry-list of clever excuses why they use Solar Power Meters. What started out as ignorance, is now a scam and cover-up. So, if you even suspect any lies from a brand that claims >100mW/cm^2 at 6 inches (or higher!), send them this article and ask for a measurement from one of these test methods.
When compared to lab grade spectrometers that are calibrated by a calibrated light source, solar power meters are WILDLY inaccurate! They are popular because they typically report higher light intensity than actually exists, up to 500% TOO HIGH!! For example:
[GIVE EXAMPLES HERE]
How many photobiomodulation studies use Solar Power Meters or cheap meters of ANY KIND!? ZERO! No self-respecting scientist or "expert" would use one of them. It is a quick litmus test to tell who the fake "experts" are out there. Many brands will give you a laundry-list of clever excuses why they use Solar Power Meters. What started out as ignorance, is now a scam and cover-up. So, if you even suspect any lies from a brand that claims >100mW/cm^2 at 6 inches (or higher!), send them this article and ask for a measurement from one of these test methods.
When compared to lab grade spectrometers that are calibrated by a calibrated light source, solar power meters are WILDLY inaccurate! They are popular because they typically report higher light intensity than actually exists, up to 500% TOO HIGH!! For example:
[GIVE EXAMPLES HERE]

Irradiance and Irradiance Measurements
A spectroradiometer is a light measurement tool that is able to measure both the wavelength and amplitude of the light emitted from a light source.
You must use an accurate spectrometer or irradiance measuring device like the Spectis 5.0
Measure accurate range of frequencies
Use Cosine corrector
Take Multiple Samples
A spectroradiometer is a light measurement tool that is able to measure both the wavelength and amplitude of the light emitted from a light source.
You must use an accurate spectrometer or irradiance measuring device like the Spectis 5.0
Measure accurate range of frequencies
Use Cosine corrector
Take Multiple Samples
III. Total Power and Area Covered - Most important -- Total Area x Total Power/Energy
Number of Therapeutic Photons ===> Total Optical Power
Those two numbers are just for any given point and are NOT what you Really want to know, but you need them to calculate perhaps the 2 most important numbers
1) Total Optical Healing Power in Watts is roughly True Irradiance x Total area of panel
Number of Therapeutic Photons ===> Total Optical Power
Those two numbers are just for any given point and are NOT what you Really want to know, but you need them to calculate perhaps the 2 most important numbers
1) Total Optical Healing Power in Watts is roughly True Irradiance x Total area of panel

Reviewing what we introduced in chapter 4, there are Four Types of Watts commonly discussed in Red Light Therapy (maybe more)! Not just one. Hence there is a lot of confusing around power ratings in red light therapy devices!!
1) Rated Watts: The maximum electrical power rating for all of the LEDs. This will be in the user manual.
2) Consumed or Actual Watts: The electrical power that is actually consumed by the device. The consumed watts are the amount of electricity consumed by the LED device which can be measured from a device like "Kill-a-watt". LEDs aren’t perfectly efficient (usually only 15% to 30% conversion from electricity to light), as well some electrical power is spent in the drivers and fans.
1) Rated Watts: The maximum electrical power rating for all of the LEDs. This will be in the user manual.
2) Consumed or Actual Watts: The electrical power that is actually consumed by the device. The consumed watts are the amount of electricity consumed by the LED device which can be measured from a device like "Kill-a-watt". LEDs aren’t perfectly efficient (usually only 15% to 30% conversion from electricity to light), as well some electrical power is spent in the drivers and fans.

3) Optical, Emitted, “Light”, or Radiant Watts: The total amount of radiant (optical) power emitted by the device. Where we may say Optical or Light as a general term even though the power can also be invisible Near-Infrared. Now it is getting interesting! More important than Rated or Consumed Watts, we need to know how many Watts of optical power is actually emitted from the device. To do this properly, usually companies need to send their panels to a 3rd party lab. Where they measure the panel inside an integrating sphere to measure the Total Watts output.
Total Optical Power Alone is what is therapeutically important (not rated or consumed), but it also very difficult or impossible to measure accurately without a lab. But luckily for full body light beds there is a way to estimate this number.
Total Optical Power for a full body light bed or panel!
The total optical power is the Irradiance multiply by the area covered. Irradiance tells you essentially how bright or energetic the light is at a point, while the total power tells you the TOTAL energy over the entire area applied. Here is where we really see the benefits of having a full body red light bed because your ENTIRE body will be covered versus a small area with local applicators and panels. So if we have an accurate irradiance reading we can simply multiply the average value by the total area. But what is the total area? Well, it is the surface area of your skin. More on this in Chapter 11!
Total Optical Power Alone is what is therapeutically important (not rated or consumed), but it also very difficult or impossible to measure accurately without a lab. But luckily for full body light beds there is a way to estimate this number.
Total Optical Power for a full body light bed or panel!
The total optical power is the Irradiance multiply by the area covered. Irradiance tells you essentially how bright or energetic the light is at a point, while the total power tells you the TOTAL energy over the entire area applied. Here is where we really see the benefits of having a full body red light bed because your ENTIRE body will be covered versus a small area with local applicators and panels. So if we have an accurate irradiance reading we can simply multiply the average value by the total area. But what is the total area? Well, it is the surface area of your skin. More on this in Chapter 11!

Area of Coverage and Penetration Depth
More Area = More Power = More Therapeutic Photons hitting your skin!
Depends on the size of the panel and intensity (called irradiance)
Coverage
Ideally you would want a full body bed or large full body panel. Larger spot size enables greater depth of penetration, for improved absorption of energy at the target tissue.
Clinically, this means that larger spot diameters can be achieved with larger red light panels than smaller for even a given wavelength and intensity. Not only does this mean quicker treatment times (due to the larger spot area on the skin surface) but, it has been shown, using Monte Carlo modelling, that larger spot diameters result in useful fluences deep within the skin.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10103-017-2317-4
More Area = More Power = More Therapeutic Photons hitting your skin!
Depends on the size of the panel and intensity (called irradiance)
Coverage
Ideally you would want a full body bed or large full body panel. Larger spot size enables greater depth of penetration, for improved absorption of energy at the target tissue.
Clinically, this means that larger spot diameters can be achieved with larger red light panels than smaller for even a given wavelength and intensity. Not only does this mean quicker treatment times (due to the larger spot area on the skin surface) but, it has been shown, using Monte Carlo modelling, that larger spot diameters result in useful fluences deep within the skin.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10103-017-2317-4

IV. Reflection issues
B. Minimizing Diffuse Reflection - Need panels close on skin!
Just as important as intensity, time, dose, and repetition - researchers understand there is a significant difference between skin contact treatment versus non-contact treatment. In fact, there is massive debate and inconclusive evidence about the “best” parameters in terms of wavelengths (nm), dose (J/cm^2), or intensity (mW/cm^2) for different conditions. Astonishingly, the only treatment parameter that is well-settled in the science – is that skin contact is the ideal way to administer red light therapy.
Bias Towards Non-Contact Treatment:
Unfortunately, the new generation of red light therapy “experts” have been biased by non-contact LED panels advertised to be used 6 inches away. They all conveniently overlooked the differences between skin contact and non-contact delivery while they wrote their original books and blogs with their affiliate promotions.
You might think that 6 inches is some magical clinically-studied treatment number since that is what everyone talks about. But you would be surprised that there are practically NO studies referencing 6 inches! In fact looking through pub med, I only found ONE STUDY and the results were basically NO EFFECT!! All positive studies with red light therapy and low level laser are ALL DIRECT CONTACT!!
There are multiple reasons for this the main one being reflection! So standing any significant distance away from a red light panel will result massive losses due to skin reflection alone!
The NIST database of skin reflectance spectrum measurements shows a skin reflectance on average of about 60% in white skin around 660nm to 850nm! This is very high! Other references which corroborate the high average reflection estimate of 60% include:
1. The evolution of human skin color measured reflectance at 685nm in Northern Latitudes at about 65%! [2]
2. Another reflectance measurements of human skin study showed a very similar spectrum as the NIST data. [3]
3. Researchers used a camera technique to measure reflection spectrum and found about 60% reflection (and increasing) in the Red range. [4]
4. Spectral Reflection study of facial skin of 241 participants showed an average reflectance of 60% in the red range and clearly increasing reflectance towards NIR. [5]
5. In one review the authors mention how 4-7% of most wavelengths pass through the first layer of skin, but through internal reflection and scattering, light will exit the body through what is called remittance. Their remittance spectrum shows similar to the NIST data, with Caucasion skin having over 60% remittance between 600nm to 900nm. [6]
So ALL 5 of these references match very well, no matter what year they were studied, including the NIST data makes 6 well studied skin reflection metrics. Despite what some authors might say otherwise.
60% reflection is a tremendous amount of intensity losses! Lets say you have a panel that you THINK emits 100mW/cm^2 at 6 inches. Well actually they lied about intensity and it is about 45mW/cm^2 at 6 inches. Then 60% of that gets reflected away so you are left with an effective intensity of 18 mW/cm^2. Is that what you paid for?
Most panel companies don’t tell you about skin reflection because they don't want their customers to realize they are using an inefficient and mostly unscientific dosing method by being 6+ inches away. And some delusional brands and self-proclaimed experts may not even be aware of this issue, so I do presume to blame them for their misinformation.
Example
In the first-ever study using a top name brand LED Panel [their most powerful] system had athletes use the panels at 12 inches away for 5 minutes. Based on their calculations with skin contact dosage in earlier studies, the authors thought 5 minutes would be plenty sufficient for a clinical benefit. But they found no significant improvement in the treatment group. [7]
The above studies show what happens when companies don’t educate the market about the skin reflection issue. It hurts the science and customers might not get the results that they expect then they stand 6+ inches away from a panel.
[1] NIST Skin Reflection Data
https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/reflectance-measurements-human-skin
Raw Data: https://opendata.nist.gov/1832_Data_JResNIST_skinrefl%20v3.txt
[2] Evolution of Human Skin Coloration.
Nina G. Jablonski and George Chaplin
Department of Anthropology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,
San Francisco, CA
https://anth.la.psu.edu/research/research-labs/jablonski-lab/research/JablonskiLabskin.pdf
[3] Cooksey, Catherine & Allen, David. (2013). Reflectance measurements of human skin from the ultraviolet to the shortwave infrared (250 nm to 2500 nm). Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. 8734. 87340N. 10.1117/12.2015821.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269325503_Reflectance_measurements_of_human_skin_from_the_ultraviolet_to_the_shortwave_infrared_250_nm_to_2500_nm
[4] Validation of a Method to Estimate Skin Spectral Reflectance Using a Digital Camera.
Christopher Thorstenson
Rochester Institute of Technology
RIT Scholar Works
5-9-2017
https://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10602&context=theses
[5] Koran A, Powers JM, Raptis CN, Yu R. Reflection spectrophotometry of facial skin. J Dent Res. 1981 Jun;60(6):979-82. doi: 10.1177/00220345810600061301. PMID: 6939721.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6939721/
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/67548/10.1177_00220345810600061301.pdf
[6] Anderson RR, Parrish JA. The optics of human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1981 Jul;77(1):13-9. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12479191. PMID: 7252245.
[7} Zagatto, Alessandro & Dutra, Yago & Lira, Fabio & Antunes, Barbara & Bombini Faustini, Júlia & Malta, Elvis & Fialho Lopes, Vithor & de Poli, Rodrigo & Brisola, Gabriel & dos Santos, Giovanny Viegas & Rodrigues, Fabio & Ferraresi, Cleber. (2020). Full Body Photobiomodulation Therapy to Induce Faster Muscle Recovery in Water Polo Athletes: Preliminary Results. Photobiomodulation Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 38. -. 10.1089/photob.2020.4803.
B. Minimizing Diffuse Reflection - Need panels close on skin!
Just as important as intensity, time, dose, and repetition - researchers understand there is a significant difference between skin contact treatment versus non-contact treatment. In fact, there is massive debate and inconclusive evidence about the “best” parameters in terms of wavelengths (nm), dose (J/cm^2), or intensity (mW/cm^2) for different conditions. Astonishingly, the only treatment parameter that is well-settled in the science – is that skin contact is the ideal way to administer red light therapy.
Bias Towards Non-Contact Treatment:
Unfortunately, the new generation of red light therapy “experts” have been biased by non-contact LED panels advertised to be used 6 inches away. They all conveniently overlooked the differences between skin contact and non-contact delivery while they wrote their original books and blogs with their affiliate promotions.
You might think that 6 inches is some magical clinically-studied treatment number since that is what everyone talks about. But you would be surprised that there are practically NO studies referencing 6 inches! In fact looking through pub med, I only found ONE STUDY and the results were basically NO EFFECT!! All positive studies with red light therapy and low level laser are ALL DIRECT CONTACT!!
There are multiple reasons for this the main one being reflection! So standing any significant distance away from a red light panel will result massive losses due to skin reflection alone!
The NIST database of skin reflectance spectrum measurements shows a skin reflectance on average of about 60% in white skin around 660nm to 850nm! This is very high! Other references which corroborate the high average reflection estimate of 60% include:
1. The evolution of human skin color measured reflectance at 685nm in Northern Latitudes at about 65%! [2]
2. Another reflectance measurements of human skin study showed a very similar spectrum as the NIST data. [3]
3. Researchers used a camera technique to measure reflection spectrum and found about 60% reflection (and increasing) in the Red range. [4]
4. Spectral Reflection study of facial skin of 241 participants showed an average reflectance of 60% in the red range and clearly increasing reflectance towards NIR. [5]
5. In one review the authors mention how 4-7% of most wavelengths pass through the first layer of skin, but through internal reflection and scattering, light will exit the body through what is called remittance. Their remittance spectrum shows similar to the NIST data, with Caucasion skin having over 60% remittance between 600nm to 900nm. [6]
So ALL 5 of these references match very well, no matter what year they were studied, including the NIST data makes 6 well studied skin reflection metrics. Despite what some authors might say otherwise.
60% reflection is a tremendous amount of intensity losses! Lets say you have a panel that you THINK emits 100mW/cm^2 at 6 inches. Well actually they lied about intensity and it is about 45mW/cm^2 at 6 inches. Then 60% of that gets reflected away so you are left with an effective intensity of 18 mW/cm^2. Is that what you paid for?
Most panel companies don’t tell you about skin reflection because they don't want their customers to realize they are using an inefficient and mostly unscientific dosing method by being 6+ inches away. And some delusional brands and self-proclaimed experts may not even be aware of this issue, so I do presume to blame them for their misinformation.
Example
In the first-ever study using a top name brand LED Panel [their most powerful] system had athletes use the panels at 12 inches away for 5 minutes. Based on their calculations with skin contact dosage in earlier studies, the authors thought 5 minutes would be plenty sufficient for a clinical benefit. But they found no significant improvement in the treatment group. [7]
The above studies show what happens when companies don’t educate the market about the skin reflection issue. It hurts the science and customers might not get the results that they expect then they stand 6+ inches away from a panel.
[1] NIST Skin Reflection Data
https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/reflectance-measurements-human-skin
Raw Data: https://opendata.nist.gov/1832_Data_JResNIST_skinrefl%20v3.txt
[2] Evolution of Human Skin Coloration.
Nina G. Jablonski and George Chaplin
Department of Anthropology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park,
San Francisco, CA
https://anth.la.psu.edu/research/research-labs/jablonski-lab/research/JablonskiLabskin.pdf
[3] Cooksey, Catherine & Allen, David. (2013). Reflectance measurements of human skin from the ultraviolet to the shortwave infrared (250 nm to 2500 nm). Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. 8734. 87340N. 10.1117/12.2015821.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269325503_Reflectance_measurements_of_human_skin_from_the_ultraviolet_to_the_shortwave_infrared_250_nm_to_2500_nm
[4] Validation of a Method to Estimate Skin Spectral Reflectance Using a Digital Camera.
Christopher Thorstenson
Rochester Institute of Technology
RIT Scholar Works
5-9-2017
https://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10602&context=theses
[5] Koran A, Powers JM, Raptis CN, Yu R. Reflection spectrophotometry of facial skin. J Dent Res. 1981 Jun;60(6):979-82. doi: 10.1177/00220345810600061301. PMID: 6939721.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6939721/
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/67548/10.1177_00220345810600061301.pdf
[6] Anderson RR, Parrish JA. The optics of human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1981 Jul;77(1):13-9. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12479191. PMID: 7252245.
[7} Zagatto, Alessandro & Dutra, Yago & Lira, Fabio & Antunes, Barbara & Bombini Faustini, Júlia & Malta, Elvis & Fialho Lopes, Vithor & de Poli, Rodrigo & Brisola, Gabriel & dos Santos, Giovanny Viegas & Rodrigues, Fabio & Ferraresi, Cleber. (2020). Full Body Photobiomodulation Therapy to Induce Faster Muscle Recovery in Water Polo Athletes: Preliminary Results. Photobiomodulation Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 38. -. 10.1089/photob.2020.4803.

"Treat the skin directly, preferably in contact (or very close)." [1]
-James Caroll
In the peer-reviewed literature, we see just about EVERY study, and nearly ALL clinicians, researchers, and experts like Dr. Hamblin and James Carroll are all biased towards using skin contact with red light therapy devices. And for good reason.
In a March 2015 article authored by Dr. Hamblin, Dr. de Sousa, Dr. Arany, James Carroll, and Dr. Patthoff (many of the current leading researchers in PBM right now) they had this to say about their bias torwards skin contact treatment.
"When a light source is applied to the skin in contact mode more light penetrates due two 2 reasons: (a) compression of the tissue reduces optical interference by blood flow; (b) diffuse reflectance by the skin is reduced." [2]
It becomes clear that the researchers aren’t merely talking about reflection and absorption losses, but a massive difference in penetration depth with non-contact treatment. This emphasis cannot be understated that the leading researchers have all come together in agreement on this method of treatment.
[1] https://blog.thorlaser.com/lllt-low-level-cold-class-iv-laser-therapy-treat-the-skin-directly-preferably-in-contact-or-very-close/
[2] Hamblin, Michael & Sousa, Marcelo & Arany, Praveen & Carroll, James & Patthoff, Donald. (2015). Low level laser (light) therapy and photobiomodulation: The path forward. Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. 9309. 10.1117/12.2084049.
-James Caroll
In the peer-reviewed literature, we see just about EVERY study, and nearly ALL clinicians, researchers, and experts like Dr. Hamblin and James Carroll are all biased towards using skin contact with red light therapy devices. And for good reason.
In a March 2015 article authored by Dr. Hamblin, Dr. de Sousa, Dr. Arany, James Carroll, and Dr. Patthoff (many of the current leading researchers in PBM right now) they had this to say about their bias torwards skin contact treatment.
"When a light source is applied to the skin in contact mode more light penetrates due two 2 reasons: (a) compression of the tissue reduces optical interference by blood flow; (b) diffuse reflectance by the skin is reduced." [2]
It becomes clear that the researchers aren’t merely talking about reflection and absorption losses, but a massive difference in penetration depth with non-contact treatment. This emphasis cannot be understated that the leading researchers have all come together in agreement on this method of treatment.
[1] https://blog.thorlaser.com/lllt-low-level-cold-class-iv-laser-therapy-treat-the-skin-directly-preferably-in-contact-or-very-close/
[2] Hamblin, Michael & Sousa, Marcelo & Arany, Praveen & Carroll, James & Patthoff, Donald. (2015). Low level laser (light) therapy and photobiomodulation: The path forward. Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. 9309. 10.1117/12.2084049.

80% Losses from Non Contact Devices
A recent article published November 17th 2022 by Dr. Hamblin was analyzing the potential therapeutic intensity gotten from sunlight.
“Assuming that the spectral range between 600 and 900 nm that penetrates deeply into tissue is 20% of this 50 mW/cm2 value, then we have the same value of 10 mW/cm2 incident on the head” [4]
Notice the careful wording Dr. Hamblin when he says that 20% of the non-contact sunlight "penetrates deeply" in the ideal optical window range of 600-900nm commonly used in PBM. It is not just accounting for reflection losses, but accounting for penetration losses too. So ultimately according to Dr. Hamblin’s recent estimation – about 80% of non-contact treatment intensity will NOT penetrate very deeply.
Dr. Hamblin’s assumption of 20% deep penetration is somewhat in correlation with the study that observed a 5x loss of penetration with non-contact treatment. Since 20% is equal to one fifth (1/5), so it is essentially the same factor calculated a different way.
While Dr. Hamblin’s estimation that a factor of 80% intensity losses sounds reasonable and plausible, it would need to be thoroughly studied in different contexts to verify.
Hamblin MR. Do Biophotons Play Any Role in Transcranial Photobiomodulation of the Brain? Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2022 Nov;40(11):731-733. doi: 10.1089/photob.2022.0095. PMID: 36395085. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36395085/
A recent article published November 17th 2022 by Dr. Hamblin was analyzing the potential therapeutic intensity gotten from sunlight.
“Assuming that the spectral range between 600 and 900 nm that penetrates deeply into tissue is 20% of this 50 mW/cm2 value, then we have the same value of 10 mW/cm2 incident on the head” [4]
Notice the careful wording Dr. Hamblin when he says that 20% of the non-contact sunlight "penetrates deeply" in the ideal optical window range of 600-900nm commonly used in PBM. It is not just accounting for reflection losses, but accounting for penetration losses too. So ultimately according to Dr. Hamblin’s recent estimation – about 80% of non-contact treatment intensity will NOT penetrate very deeply.
Dr. Hamblin’s assumption of 20% deep penetration is somewhat in correlation with the study that observed a 5x loss of penetration with non-contact treatment. Since 20% is equal to one fifth (1/5), so it is essentially the same factor calculated a different way.
While Dr. Hamblin’s estimation that a factor of 80% intensity losses sounds reasonable and plausible, it would need to be thoroughly studied in different contexts to verify.
Hamblin MR. Do Biophotons Play Any Role in Transcranial Photobiomodulation of the Brain? Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2022 Nov;40(11):731-733. doi: 10.1089/photob.2022.0095. PMID: 36395085. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36395085/

LED Panels, Sunlight, and Incandescent Heat Lamps – Not So Different After All
Dr. Hamblin’s reference to the therapeutic potential of sunlight rouses an interesting point.
From another perspective, we could say that Sunlight and the infamous 250W Near-Infrared Heat lamps are also forms of non-contact red light therapy.
The major factor that made so many LLLT and PBM studies special was the penetration depth delivered by skin contact. Otherwise, it would be no different than ambient sunlight or incandescent lights that we are normally exposed to.
This puts LED panels used several inches away on the same level as Sunlight and 250W Heat Lamps in terms of therapeutic value. They all suffer the same reflection and penetration losses.
The real differentiating factor and clinical therapeutic advantage of LASERS and LED for all of these years was perhaps the skin contact.
Dr. Hamblin’s reference to the therapeutic potential of sunlight rouses an interesting point.
From another perspective, we could say that Sunlight and the infamous 250W Near-Infrared Heat lamps are also forms of non-contact red light therapy.
The major factor that made so many LLLT and PBM studies special was the penetration depth delivered by skin contact. Otherwise, it would be no different than ambient sunlight or incandescent lights that we are normally exposed to.
This puts LED panels used several inches away on the same level as Sunlight and 250W Heat Lamps in terms of therapeutic value. They all suffer the same reflection and penetration losses.
The real differentiating factor and clinical therapeutic advantage of LASERS and LED for all of these years was perhaps the skin contact.

??? ** Work in???Researchers assume that the intensities used to reach deeper depths of such as 100mW/cm^2 to 300mW/cm^2 come with the drawbacks of heating the surface tissue and skin. [2] So essentially to get a proper dose to deeper tissue, you must overdose the skin. This seems like a very inefficient way of doing things that if done improperly would negate the positive effects of red light therapy.
So lower wattage, lower intensity, and smaller more convenient products must be developed that offer more precise dosages, delivered in contact with the skin. This is why we often see LED clusters, arrays, and lasers being used in contact with the skin when we read the actual studies in PubMed. Because they know they get the most precise dosage and eliminate the reflection variable.
[2] Daniel Barolet, François Christiaens, Michael R. Hamblin, Infrared and skin: Friend or foe, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 155, 2016, Pages 78-85
So lower wattage, lower intensity, and smaller more convenient products must be developed that offer more precise dosages, delivered in contact with the skin. This is why we often see LED clusters, arrays, and lasers being used in contact with the skin when we read the actual studies in PubMed. Because they know they get the most precise dosage and eliminate the reflection variable.
[2] Daniel Barolet, François Christiaens, Michael R. Hamblin, Infrared and skin: Friend or foe, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 155, 2016, Pages 78-85
V. The Importance of Pulsing option!
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Red Light for Women
One study investigated the tissue optics of 198 Japanese participants in terms of absorption and scattering coefficients. [5] The purpose of the study was to directly aid the Light Therapy and Photobiomodulation industry in determining guidelines for safe and effective treatments.
Sure enough, the women consistently had lower absorption coefficients and higher scattering coefficient for most of the wavelengths analyzed. [5]
Based on our knowledge of tissue optics from the previous section, this would indicate that women would be more responsive to red and near-infrared light therapy than men.
[5] Kono, T., Yamada, J. In Vivo Measurement of Optical Properties of Human Skin for 450–800 nm and 950–1600 nm Wavelengths. Int J Thermophys 40, 51 (2019)
--
Red Light for Women
One study investigated the tissue optics of 198 Japanese participants in terms of absorption and scattering coefficients. [5] The purpose of the study was to directly aid the Light Therapy and Photobiomodulation industry in determining guidelines for safe and effective treatments.
Sure enough, the women consistently had lower absorption coefficients and higher scattering coefficient for most of the wavelengths analyzed. [5]
Based on our knowledge of tissue optics from the previous section, this would indicate that women would be more responsive to red and near-infrared light therapy than men.
[5] Kono, T., Yamada, J. In Vivo Measurement of Optical Properties of Human Skin for 450–800 nm and 950–1600 nm Wavelengths. Int J Thermophys 40, 51 (2019)

MORE IS NOT NECESSARILY BETTER
Unfortunately the red light therapy industry has gone down the wrong path. A very popular company heavily marketed their "clinical power LED" panels and became the standard for the industry. Unfortunately the high power of the LEDs requires users to stand at least 6 inches to avoid tissue heating, biphasic dose, and EMFs. At this distance the photon beam will be highly divergent and allow for reflection losses from the skin.
How many high-powered panels like this are used in Red Light Therapy, LLLT, and Photobiomodulation studies on Pubmed? ONLY ONE out of thousands!
So why is everyone so excited to use it? Marketing.
In reality, most studies are using lasers, LED arrays, and LED or laser clusters and mostly placing them in contact with the skin. In one review on the complexity of photobiomodulation parameters, it was simply put as "The first issue to be addressed is light reflection from the surface of the skin, which can be minimized if the optical probe is held in firm contact with the skin." [1]
Another study makes a specific note about their treatment protocol "placed in contact with the skin and firm pressure applied." [2]
We can not assume that skin reflectance is insignificant, given how many studies use the lasers or LEDs directly on the skin! The review article also includes that the "Application Technique" (contact or non-contact) should always be reported in studies because it is just as important as other parameters such as wavelength, intensity, and dosage. [6]
Unfortunately the red light therapy industry has gone down the wrong path. A very popular company heavily marketed their "clinical power LED" panels and became the standard for the industry. Unfortunately the high power of the LEDs requires users to stand at least 6 inches to avoid tissue heating, biphasic dose, and EMFs. At this distance the photon beam will be highly divergent and allow for reflection losses from the skin.
How many high-powered panels like this are used in Red Light Therapy, LLLT, and Photobiomodulation studies on Pubmed? ONLY ONE out of thousands!
So why is everyone so excited to use it? Marketing.
In reality, most studies are using lasers, LED arrays, and LED or laser clusters and mostly placing them in contact with the skin. In one review on the complexity of photobiomodulation parameters, it was simply put as "The first issue to be addressed is light reflection from the surface of the skin, which can be minimized if the optical probe is held in firm contact with the skin." [1]
Another study makes a specific note about their treatment protocol "placed in contact with the skin and firm pressure applied." [2]
We can not assume that skin reflectance is insignificant, given how many studies use the lasers or LEDs directly on the skin! The review article also includes that the "Application Technique" (contact or non-contact) should always be reported in studies because it is just as important as other parameters such as wavelength, intensity, and dosage. [6]

Since we evolved under the sun which emits anywhere from 20 to 40 mW/cm^2 in the Red and Near-Infrared range, it is likely a natural protection from overdose is having higher skin reflectance in this range.
Image below adapted from
Ohshiro T. The Proximal Priority Theory: An Updated Technique in Low Level Laser Therapy with an 830 nm GaAlAs Laser. Laser Ther. 2012
Image below adapted from
Ohshiro T. The Proximal Priority Theory: An Updated Technique in Low Level Laser Therapy with an 830 nm GaAlAs Laser. Laser Ther. 2012
Wavelength Doesn't Matter For Light Transmission?
This is potentially an industry-changing conclusion that bears quotation:
"Thus, it can be suggested that light therapy dosimetry targeting subcutaneous tissues deserve better attention at light attenuation due to different skin features rather than what wavelength to use (at the observed spectral range)" [6]
In layman's terms, the proper dose and depth penetration depends more on the skin composition and much less on wavelength than most people currently believe (as long as you are between 630nm to 905nm range). This is a big deal.
[6] Sabino, Caetano & Deana, A.M. & Silva, Daniela & França, Cristiane & Yoshimura, Tania & Ribeiro, Martha. (2015). Optical properties of mice skin for optical therapy relevant wavelengths: Influence of gender and pigmentation. Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. 9309. 10.1117/12.2080853.
This is potentially an industry-changing conclusion that bears quotation:
"Thus, it can be suggested that light therapy dosimetry targeting subcutaneous tissues deserve better attention at light attenuation due to different skin features rather than what wavelength to use (at the observed spectral range)" [6]
In layman's terms, the proper dose and depth penetration depends more on the skin composition and much less on wavelength than most people currently believe (as long as you are between 630nm to 905nm range). This is a big deal.
[6] Sabino, Caetano & Deana, A.M. & Silva, Daniela & França, Cristiane & Yoshimura, Tania & Ribeiro, Martha. (2015). Optical properties of mice skin for optical therapy relevant wavelengths: Influence of gender and pigmentation. Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. 9309. 10.1117/12.2080853.
**Yaroslavsky AN, Juliano AF, Adnan A, Selting WJ, Iorizzo TW, Carroll JD, Sonis ST, Duncan CN, London WB, Treister NS. Validation of a Monte Carlo Modelling Based Dosimetry of Extraoral Photobiomodulation. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021 Nov 26;11(12):2207
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