Example #2 - How EZ can create Mechanical Energy
FLOWS and Kinetic Energy
Dr Pollack's lab (and others) have also demonstrated the stored energy from EZ water can be transduced into mechanical work, like creating fluid flows through hydrophilic tubes. Usually a pressure gradient or pump is need to get water or any fluid to move through a tube of any kind like your water house (pressure from water company) or your blood (pressure from your heart pump). But without any pump or pressure gradient, Dr Pollack's lab demonstrated with not one, but six different types of hydrophilic tubes that water will begin to flow on its own. And when you add light, the flow increases up to five times which further validates it is the energy in EZ water that is doing the work. So light energy is getting transduced through EZ water to mechanical energy that creates this flow. These two experiments have tremendous implications on our human biology and health which we'll explore next and conclude with how near infrared wavelengths above 800nm (used in red light panels and beds) create this energetic water.
FLOWS and Kinetic Energy
Dr Pollack's lab (and others) have also demonstrated the stored energy from EZ water can be transduced into mechanical work, like creating fluid flows through hydrophilic tubes. Usually a pressure gradient or pump is need to get water or any fluid to move through a tube of any kind like your water house (pressure from water company) or your blood (pressure from your heart pump). But without any pump or pressure gradient, Dr Pollack's lab demonstrated with not one, but six different types of hydrophilic tubes that water will begin to flow on its own. And when you add light, the flow increases up to five times which further validates it is the energy in EZ water that is doing the work. So light energy is getting transduced through EZ water to mechanical energy that creates this flow. These two experiments have tremendous implications on our human biology and health which we'll explore next and conclude with how near infrared wavelengths above 800nm (used in red light panels and beds) create this energetic water.
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EZ and FLOWS in Your Fractal Branching Networks
1) Fluid FLOWS - Blood and Lymph Flows
The stored electrical energy in water can drive various kinds of work, including flow. An example is the axial flow through tubes. We found that immersing tubes made of hydrophilic materials into water produces flow through those tubes, similar to blood flow through blood vessels. The energy derives from the radiant energy absorbed and stored in the water. Nothing more. Flow may persist undiminished for hours, sometimes longer. Additional incident light brings faster flow. This is not a perpetual motion machine: incident radiant energy drives the flow — in much the same way that it drives vascular flow in plants.
**Work in **What's new is the role of radiant energy: powering many of those cellular functions. An example is the blood flowing through your capillaries. That blood suffers high resistance: capillaries are often narrower than the red blood cells that must pass through; those red cells need to scrunch down in order to make their way. Resistance is high. Notwithstanding, the pressure gradient across the capillary bed is negligible. This has seemed paradoxical: without a pressure gradient, what drives the flow through those resistive vessels? If radiant energy helps propel flow through capillaries in the same way that it propels flow through hydrophilic tubes, then the paradox resolves. Radiant energy may constitute an unsuspected source of vascular drive, supplementing cardiac pressure.
The heart as a pump is not enough and NO may only be secondary.
EZ water can transduce Mechanical Energy (NO and Pumping of lymph and Blood)
Wisdom of mother nature would retain photosynthesis…
Vascular System a Good case for
Plumbing problem… red blood cells bigger than capillaries. Small vessels and big stuff that has to pass through.
If heart responsible to push red blood cells, million times more pressure.
Heart not sufficient to drive blood through capillaries.
Light is being transduced in blood vessels
Isreal study of blood flow in mice… heart stopped beating in mouse… Flow did not stop for more than 1 hour.
Did it with ten mice and flow continued each time… Heart not necessary for flow. Vessels received light and flow continued.
Environment really important.
**Work in**
This is a model for the arrangement of water molecules in the vasculature, where hydrophilic substances bound to the endothelial membrane create EZ water that interfaces with unstructured water in the blood, and this creates a battery that supplies energy to the endothelial cells. A similar process takes place surrounding all the cells in the tissues.
1) Fluid FLOWS - Blood and Lymph Flows
The stored electrical energy in water can drive various kinds of work, including flow. An example is the axial flow through tubes. We found that immersing tubes made of hydrophilic materials into water produces flow through those tubes, similar to blood flow through blood vessels. The energy derives from the radiant energy absorbed and stored in the water. Nothing more. Flow may persist undiminished for hours, sometimes longer. Additional incident light brings faster flow. This is not a perpetual motion machine: incident radiant energy drives the flow — in much the same way that it drives vascular flow in plants.
**Work in **What's new is the role of radiant energy: powering many of those cellular functions. An example is the blood flowing through your capillaries. That blood suffers high resistance: capillaries are often narrower than the red blood cells that must pass through; those red cells need to scrunch down in order to make their way. Resistance is high. Notwithstanding, the pressure gradient across the capillary bed is negligible. This has seemed paradoxical: without a pressure gradient, what drives the flow through those resistive vessels? If radiant energy helps propel flow through capillaries in the same way that it propels flow through hydrophilic tubes, then the paradox resolves. Radiant energy may constitute an unsuspected source of vascular drive, supplementing cardiac pressure.
The heart as a pump is not enough and NO may only be secondary.
EZ water can transduce Mechanical Energy (NO and Pumping of lymph and Blood)
Wisdom of mother nature would retain photosynthesis…
Vascular System a Good case for
Plumbing problem… red blood cells bigger than capillaries. Small vessels and big stuff that has to pass through.
If heart responsible to push red blood cells, million times more pressure.
Heart not sufficient to drive blood through capillaries.
Light is being transduced in blood vessels
Isreal study of blood flow in mice… heart stopped beating in mouse… Flow did not stop for more than 1 hour.
Did it with ten mice and flow continued each time… Heart not necessary for flow. Vessels received light and flow continued.
Environment really important.
**Work in**
This is a model for the arrangement of water molecules in the vasculature, where hydrophilic substances bound to the endothelial membrane create EZ water that interfaces with unstructured water in the blood, and this creates a battery that supplies energy to the endothelial cells. A similar process takes place surrounding all the cells in the tissues.
Does human biology use radiant energy.
Do we use it like plants or not use it?
Cardiovascular system - some wavelengths penetrate deeply.
Big problem 6-7 micrometers -- capillaries 3-4 um
Plumbing problem
Calculated resistance - needs 1 million times pressure
Red blood
Unrecognized problem
Might radiant energy drive blood flow?
Capillary blood flow did not stop after mouse dies...
1 hour post mortem
Several research teams
Velocity increases 3x chicken embryo
Infrared energy
You metabolism generates heat and used to propel flow in capillaries.
2) Electrical FLOWS - Nerve and Meridian
Electrons can easily travel through the lattice (resulting in it being approximately 100,000 times as conductive as the surrounding unstructured water).
Electrons can easily travel through the lattice (resulting in it being approximately 100,000 times as conductive as the surrounding unstructured water).
Supercharge Your Health!
According to Dr. Pollack, healthiest people have more negative charge and sickest people have less negative charge.
Central principle to all life… Build Negative Charge!!
All of us are negatively charged. Building Negative charge is a central principle to all LIFE.
--Negative Charges in the Body and Health--
Consider the arithmetic. Cells make up some 60% of your body’s mass, and they are negatively charged. Extracellular tissues such as collagen and elastin are next in line, and those proteins bear negative charge and adsorb negatively charged EZ [liquid crystalline water]. Only some of the smaller compartments are positively charged with protons (low pH), and they commonly expel: urine, gastrointestinal system, sweat, and expired air (containing hydrated CO2 or carbonic acid).
Note: The constant elimination of positive charges is necessary to sustain our negatively charged physiology. This may help explain the benefits of many holistic practices that augment one of these roots of elimination and why their cessation (e.g., severe constipation) can rapidly cause so many issues and rapidly improve the individual once they are addressed.
When cell division goes awry, the result is cancer. Pollack notes research showing that a difference of water structure underlies organ pathologies—in fact, the technology called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) distinguishes tumor cells from non-tumor cells by sensing a difference in cell water structure. Cancer cells are characterized by mutant proteins and Pollack presents the theory that these mutant proteins might not be able to structure and de-structure water as predictably and effectively as normal proteins.
For your health
Water matters and Light Matters
1) Drink more water - raw material for EZ water
2) Green juices
3) Get sunshine
4) Sauna good but heating effects might be a problem - Ideal is Non-heating Near Infrared.
5) Spices turmeric, coconut water, coconut oil, basil, ghee, chia
6) Earthing/Grounding - walk barefoot daily - negative charge
In lab , add negative charge, EZ builds
7) PEMF increases EZ by increasing ATP (200-400%)
8) Workout
9) HBOT - Adds O2 to H3O2
10) Massage / Vibration
11) Ionized Water ( Short term)
12) Massage - Pressure increases EZ water
13) Sound and Vibration increases EZ water
14) Cold Plunges / Cryotherapy - Cold Also Produces EZ water as water approaches ice. 4 degrees celcius is the most dense and highest EZ temperature of water. Hot cold therapy - Charge and discharge.
15) Red light 800nm+
We are going to revist these in chapter 16, but in this chapter we'll focus on the main theme of this book which is how red and near infrared LED light therapy increases ATP energy, NO circulation, Reduces inflammation, promotes healing and makes the cells and body stronger. And all of these can come in part by building the electrically charged, liquid crystalline water in your cells and body. And it turns out, light, especially near infrared light does an ESPECIALLY good job at doing this!
And this EZ water as we have seen can leads to ALL the benefits we saw in chapters 6, 7 and 8 on increasing ATP, improving circulation, reducing inflammation, stimulating healing and regeneration and making your cells stronger!
But now we are going to switch gears and focus the rest of this chapter on specific photobiomodulation research on water as a chromophore and good research into some mechanisms on how red and especially near infrared light utilizes water to create powerful healing effects. I strongly feel this is just the tip of the iceberg and many more studies will be coming in the years ahead that will probably place water even above cytochrome c oxidase as the main chromophore!
According to Dr. Pollack, healthiest people have more negative charge and sickest people have less negative charge.
Central principle to all life… Build Negative Charge!!
All of us are negatively charged. Building Negative charge is a central principle to all LIFE.
--Negative Charges in the Body and Health--
Consider the arithmetic. Cells make up some 60% of your body’s mass, and they are negatively charged. Extracellular tissues such as collagen and elastin are next in line, and those proteins bear negative charge and adsorb negatively charged EZ [liquid crystalline water]. Only some of the smaller compartments are positively charged with protons (low pH), and they commonly expel: urine, gastrointestinal system, sweat, and expired air (containing hydrated CO2 or carbonic acid).
Note: The constant elimination of positive charges is necessary to sustain our negatively charged physiology. This may help explain the benefits of many holistic practices that augment one of these roots of elimination and why their cessation (e.g., severe constipation) can rapidly cause so many issues and rapidly improve the individual once they are addressed.
When cell division goes awry, the result is cancer. Pollack notes research showing that a difference of water structure underlies organ pathologies—in fact, the technology called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) distinguishes tumor cells from non-tumor cells by sensing a difference in cell water structure. Cancer cells are characterized by mutant proteins and Pollack presents the theory that these mutant proteins might not be able to structure and de-structure water as predictably and effectively as normal proteins.
For your health
Water matters and Light Matters
1) Drink more water - raw material for EZ water
2) Green juices
3) Get sunshine
4) Sauna good but heating effects might be a problem - Ideal is Non-heating Near Infrared.
5) Spices turmeric, coconut water, coconut oil, basil, ghee, chia
6) Earthing/Grounding - walk barefoot daily - negative charge
In lab , add negative charge, EZ builds
7) PEMF increases EZ by increasing ATP (200-400%)
8) Workout
9) HBOT - Adds O2 to H3O2
10) Massage / Vibration
11) Ionized Water ( Short term)
12) Massage - Pressure increases EZ water
13) Sound and Vibration increases EZ water
14) Cold Plunges / Cryotherapy - Cold Also Produces EZ water as water approaches ice. 4 degrees celcius is the most dense and highest EZ temperature of water. Hot cold therapy - Charge and discharge.
15) Red light 800nm+
We are going to revist these in chapter 16, but in this chapter we'll focus on the main theme of this book which is how red and near infrared LED light therapy increases ATP energy, NO circulation, Reduces inflammation, promotes healing and makes the cells and body stronger. And all of these can come in part by building the electrically charged, liquid crystalline water in your cells and body. And it turns out, light, especially near infrared light does an ESPECIALLY good job at doing this!
And this EZ water as we have seen can leads to ALL the benefits we saw in chapters 6, 7 and 8 on increasing ATP, improving circulation, reducing inflammation, stimulating healing and regeneration and making your cells stronger!
But now we are going to switch gears and focus the rest of this chapter on specific photobiomodulation research on water as a chromophore and good research into some mechanisms on how red and especially near infrared light utilizes water to create powerful healing effects. I strongly feel this is just the tip of the iceberg and many more studies will be coming in the years ahead that will probably place water even above cytochrome c oxidase as the main chromophore!
References / further reading:
Cells, gels, and the engines of life — Gerald Pollack
The fourth phase of water — Gerald Pollack
Water and the cell — Gerald Pollack
https://www.bodyworkmovementtherapies.com/article/S1360-8592(13)00068-5/fulltext
A revolution in the physiology of the living cell — Glibert Ling
https://www.westonaprice.org/podcast/build-the-4th-phase-of-water-in-the-body/#gsc.tab=0
Cancer and the new biology of water — Thomas Cowan
Human heart, cosmic heart — Thomas Cowan
Midwest Doctor Series **Excellent**
Part 1: https://www.midwesterndoctor.com/p/what-is-the-forgotten-side-of-water
Part 2: https://www.midwesterndoctor.com/p/what-actually-happens-with-water
Part 3: https://www.midwesterndoctor.com/p/what-causes-water-to-move-inside
https://www.midwesterndoctor.com/p/what-causes-water-to-move-inside
Cells, gels, and the engines of life — Gerald Pollack
The fourth phase of water — Gerald Pollack
Water and the cell — Gerald Pollack
https://www.bodyworkmovementtherapies.com/article/S1360-8592(13)00068-5/fulltext
A revolution in the physiology of the living cell — Glibert Ling
https://www.westonaprice.org/podcast/build-the-4th-phase-of-water-in-the-body/#gsc.tab=0
Cancer and the new biology of water — Thomas Cowan
Human heart, cosmic heart — Thomas Cowan
Midwest Doctor Series **Excellent**
Part 1: https://www.midwesterndoctor.com/p/what-is-the-forgotten-side-of-water
Part 2: https://www.midwesterndoctor.com/p/what-actually-happens-with-water
Part 3: https://www.midwesterndoctor.com/p/what-causes-water-to-move-inside
https://www.midwesterndoctor.com/p/what-causes-water-to-move-inside
PART 2:
Is Water the Main Chromophore?
1) Energy directly
2) ATP-ase activity
3) TRPV channels
4) Clears ROS and lowers inflammation
The first study that opened my eyes was one where they purposely tested PBM on cells that do not contain CCO! This remarkable study showed that they still had similar cell proliferation for cells lacking CCO and the controls.[3] Thus the conclusion that at least the cell proliferation aspects of PBM do not require CCO (or it's famous mechanisms).[3]
Lima PLV, Pereira CV, Nissanka N, Arguello T, Gavini G, Maranduba CMDC, Diaz F, Moraes CT. Photobiomodulation enhancement of cell proliferation at 660 nm does not require cytochrome c oxidase. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2019 May;194:71-75.
When EZ water is formed it creates a "structure" of water that excludes or pushes away impurities. Thus leading to the potential removal of ROS or other molecules that increase the viscosity (stickiness). [5]
Sharma A, Adams C, Cashdollar BD, et al. Effect of Health-Promoting Agents on Exclusion-Zone Size. Dose Response. 2018;16(3):1559325818796937. Published 2018 Sep 3.
In the LLLT Handbook co-authored by the esteemed Dr. Hamblin, they have an entire chapter about how Water is a primary photoacceptor for photobiomodulation. [8]
Humans are 70% water by weight and 90% of our molecules are water! Statistically water is considered a huge target for PBM even though the Absorption Coefficient of these 600-1000nm wavelengths can be relatively low. [8]
Within this chapter is a discussion on Interfacial Water and EZ Water! With EZ water comes changes in electrical and redox potential. Where it could be considered a bio-electric "battery" being charged by certain types of light absorption. [8]
[8] Hamblin M, Pires de Sousa MV, Agrawal T. Handbook of Low-Level Laser Therapy 2017 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
So, we start to see how water-absorption is becoming an important consideration relevant to the mechanisms of PBM even in the mainstream PBM textbooks.
It might not be as "sexy" to accept the explanation of photobiomodulation is simply water-absorption. However, we can appreciate it's links to EZ-Water and the much more logical explanation presented by this alternate theory.
Like most things we write about in Red Light Therapy, it is complex and nuanced. There may not be one single explanation because it is multivariable and context dependent. We need to remain open to alternative and multiple mechanisms if we want to truly understand this amazing therapy.
Is Water the Main Chromophore?
1) Energy directly
2) ATP-ase activity
3) TRPV channels
4) Clears ROS and lowers inflammation
The first study that opened my eyes was one where they purposely tested PBM on cells that do not contain CCO! This remarkable study showed that they still had similar cell proliferation for cells lacking CCO and the controls.[3] Thus the conclusion that at least the cell proliferation aspects of PBM do not require CCO (or it's famous mechanisms).[3]
Lima PLV, Pereira CV, Nissanka N, Arguello T, Gavini G, Maranduba CMDC, Diaz F, Moraes CT. Photobiomodulation enhancement of cell proliferation at 660 nm does not require cytochrome c oxidase. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2019 May;194:71-75.
When EZ water is formed it creates a "structure" of water that excludes or pushes away impurities. Thus leading to the potential removal of ROS or other molecules that increase the viscosity (stickiness). [5]
Sharma A, Adams C, Cashdollar BD, et al. Effect of Health-Promoting Agents on Exclusion-Zone Size. Dose Response. 2018;16(3):1559325818796937. Published 2018 Sep 3.
In the LLLT Handbook co-authored by the esteemed Dr. Hamblin, they have an entire chapter about how Water is a primary photoacceptor for photobiomodulation. [8]
Humans are 70% water by weight and 90% of our molecules are water! Statistically water is considered a huge target for PBM even though the Absorption Coefficient of these 600-1000nm wavelengths can be relatively low. [8]
Within this chapter is a discussion on Interfacial Water and EZ Water! With EZ water comes changes in electrical and redox potential. Where it could be considered a bio-electric "battery" being charged by certain types of light absorption. [8]
[8] Hamblin M, Pires de Sousa MV, Agrawal T. Handbook of Low-Level Laser Therapy 2017 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
So, we start to see how water-absorption is becoming an important consideration relevant to the mechanisms of PBM even in the mainstream PBM textbooks.
It might not be as "sexy" to accept the explanation of photobiomodulation is simply water-absorption. However, we can appreciate it's links to EZ-Water and the much more logical explanation presented by this alternate theory.
Like most things we write about in Red Light Therapy, it is complex and nuanced. There may not be one single explanation because it is multivariable and context dependent. We need to remain open to alternative and multiple mechanisms if we want to truly understand this amazing therapy.
Water, the second most important chromophore in RLT
Or Maybe the Main Chromophore?
Now that we have seen all the benefits of
Good Article
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4782038/#B25
It turns out there is not just one predominate chromophore at play in RLT. There are TWO main chromophores. More and more research is showing that water is secondarily a very significant chromophore for wavelengths above 905nm, mainly from 905-1070nm, which now have dozens of peer reviewed studies to validate the mechanisms and efficacy.
The reason light can change the properties of water like viscosity is that it is actually a chromophore or photoacceptor and absorbs, catches or receives energy from wavelengths greater than 905nm in the near infrared range. So water can act as a little photocell or antenna like CCO. In fact, it is clear that water must be by far the most important chromophore in these near infrared wavelengths, which I referred to as deep near infrared in chapter 3 to distinguish them from 760-905nm which interacts mainly with CCO.
More on Water as a Chromophore in Chapter 6B
Work in:
Water as a chromophore
It is clear that water must be by far the most important chromophore at infrared wavelengths ( . 900 nm), considering its molecular absorption coefficient and its relative abundance in cells and tissues. Nevertheless PBM as usually carried out does not produce excessive heating of the tissues, especially within the brain. In fact the most noticeable heating effect (if any) is felt on the skin of the scalp. How then can we explain that PBM can have powerful effects on the brain at wavelengths as long as 1064 nm (Wang et al., 2017; Blanco et al., 2017).? One answer may lie in the concept of nanostructured water or interfacial water elaborated by Gerald Pollack (Trevors and Pollack, 2012; Pollack and Reitz, 2001; Pollack, 2003). This exclusion zone (EZ) water absorbs optical radiation which produces distinct physical changes in parameters such as viscosity and pH. Since the EZ water layers occur on intracellular membranes, it is reasonable to suggest that ion channels embedded within these membranes (for instance in mitochondria), may be triggered by these physical changes. Since bulk water does not absorb IR light to the same degree as EZ water, this would explain why biochemical changes can take place within the cells, while there is no detectable bulk heating of the tissue, as would have been expected if the IR energy was absorbed by all water molecules.
**work in**
Absorbed radiant energy splits water molecules; the negative charged H3O2 forms the building block of the ordered zone, while the positive charged bulk binds with bulk water molecules to form free hydronium ions. Adding more light stimulates more charge separation.
This process resembles the first step of photosynthesis. In that process, energy from the sun splits a water molecule. Splitting is catalyzed by a hydrophilic chromophore. Any hydrophilic surface may catalyze the splitting, some more effectively than others. Based on good research we'll see ATP-ase and certain ion channels have research specifically with near infrared creating this effect.
Wang, X., Tian, F., Reddy, D.D., Nalawade, S.S., Barrett, D.W., Gonzalez-Lima, F., et al., 2017. Up-regulation of cerebral cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemodynamics by transcranial infrared laser stimulation: a broadband near-infrared spectroscopy study. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 37 (12), 37893802.
Pollack, G.H., 2003. The role of aqueous interfaces in the cell. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 103 (2), 173196
Pollack, G.H., Reitz, F.B., 2001. Phase transitions and molecular motion in the cell. Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 47 (5), 885900.
Trevors, J.T., Pollack, G.H., 2012. Origin of microbial life hypothesis: a gel cytoplasm lacking a bilayer membrane, with infrared radiation producing
exclusion zone (EZ) water, hydrogen as an energy source and thermosynthesis for bioenergetics. Biochimie 94 (1), 258262.
Or Maybe the Main Chromophore?
Now that we have seen all the benefits of
Good Article
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4782038/#B25
It turns out there is not just one predominate chromophore at play in RLT. There are TWO main chromophores. More and more research is showing that water is secondarily a very significant chromophore for wavelengths above 905nm, mainly from 905-1070nm, which now have dozens of peer reviewed studies to validate the mechanisms and efficacy.
The reason light can change the properties of water like viscosity is that it is actually a chromophore or photoacceptor and absorbs, catches or receives energy from wavelengths greater than 905nm in the near infrared range. So water can act as a little photocell or antenna like CCO. In fact, it is clear that water must be by far the most important chromophore in these near infrared wavelengths, which I referred to as deep near infrared in chapter 3 to distinguish them from 760-905nm which interacts mainly with CCO.
More on Water as a Chromophore in Chapter 6B
Work in:
Water as a chromophore
It is clear that water must be by far the most important chromophore at infrared wavelengths ( . 900 nm), considering its molecular absorption coefficient and its relative abundance in cells and tissues. Nevertheless PBM as usually carried out does not produce excessive heating of the tissues, especially within the brain. In fact the most noticeable heating effect (if any) is felt on the skin of the scalp. How then can we explain that PBM can have powerful effects on the brain at wavelengths as long as 1064 nm (Wang et al., 2017; Blanco et al., 2017).? One answer may lie in the concept of nanostructured water or interfacial water elaborated by Gerald Pollack (Trevors and Pollack, 2012; Pollack and Reitz, 2001; Pollack, 2003). This exclusion zone (EZ) water absorbs optical radiation which produces distinct physical changes in parameters such as viscosity and pH. Since the EZ water layers occur on intracellular membranes, it is reasonable to suggest that ion channels embedded within these membranes (for instance in mitochondria), may be triggered by these physical changes. Since bulk water does not absorb IR light to the same degree as EZ water, this would explain why biochemical changes can take place within the cells, while there is no detectable bulk heating of the tissue, as would have been expected if the IR energy was absorbed by all water molecules.
**work in**
Absorbed radiant energy splits water molecules; the negative charged H3O2 forms the building block of the ordered zone, while the positive charged bulk binds with bulk water molecules to form free hydronium ions. Adding more light stimulates more charge separation.
This process resembles the first step of photosynthesis. In that process, energy from the sun splits a water molecule. Splitting is catalyzed by a hydrophilic chromophore. Any hydrophilic surface may catalyze the splitting, some more effectively than others. Based on good research we'll see ATP-ase and certain ion channels have research specifically with near infrared creating this effect.
Wang, X., Tian, F., Reddy, D.D., Nalawade, S.S., Barrett, D.W., Gonzalez-Lima, F., et al., 2017. Up-regulation of cerebral cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemodynamics by transcranial infrared laser stimulation: a broadband near-infrared spectroscopy study. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 37 (12), 37893802.
Pollack, G.H., 2003. The role of aqueous interfaces in the cell. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 103 (2), 173196
Pollack, G.H., Reitz, F.B., 2001. Phase transitions and molecular motion in the cell. Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 47 (5), 885900.
Trevors, J.T., Pollack, G.H., 2012. Origin of microbial life hypothesis: a gel cytoplasm lacking a bilayer membrane, with infrared radiation producing
exclusion zone (EZ) water, hydrogen as an energy source and thermosynthesis for bioenergetics. Biochimie 94 (1), 258262.
Absorption and Action Spectra of Water
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Regarding the light-dependent EZ expansion, the overall spectral sensitivity of expansion (Figure below) follows closely the spectral sensitivity of water absorption. In both cases, there is an overall minimum in the near-UV region, plus a local maximum at 2.0 µm, and a peak in the vicinity of 3.1 µm. If not by coincidence, then a connection is implied between IR absorption and EZ expansion–although the linkage is apparently not through temperature increase, which was both modest and temporally uncorrelated. Further to this point, increasing the bath temperature actually diminishes EZ size (unpublished observations). Hence, the effect of incident electromagnetic energy is apparently nonthermal.
So here we see that heat deminishes EZ water size!
Chai B, Yoo H, Pollack GH. Effect of radiant energy on near-surface water. J Phys Chem B. 2009 Oct 22;113(42):13953-8.
So here we see that heat deminishes EZ water size!
Chai B, Yoo H, Pollack GH. Effect of radiant energy on near-surface water. J Phys Chem B. 2009 Oct 22;113(42):13953-8.
EZ ratio around in 900s around 20 - Peak at 980!
800s EZ size ration around 10
Note in above image: Pollack also found that longer exposures to radiant energy and higher intensities could expand the EZ [liquid crystalline water] even more. The data for the above figure was obtained by Pollack using five-minute exposures. Longer exposures at the same intensity, for example, could quickly produce EZ expansion of five to ten times, while turning off that extra light brought the EZ back to its normal size within tens of minutes. In this study, due to technical limitations, a lower intensity infrared (IR) light source had to be used.
800s EZ size ration around 10
Note in above image: Pollack also found that longer exposures to radiant energy and higher intensities could expand the EZ [liquid crystalline water] even more. The data for the above figure was obtained by Pollack using five-minute exposures. Longer exposures at the same intensity, for example, could quickly produce EZ expansion of five to ten times, while turning off that extra light brought the EZ back to its normal size within tens of minutes. In this study, due to technical limitations, a lower intensity infrared (IR) light source had to be used.
Two other important mechanisms should be shared that impact our perspective for why we care about both Red and NIR light combined. And they primarily reside in the Near-Infrared region of the spectrum.
The first is that above 720nm+, water absorption slowly increases for longer wavelengths. Water absorption into interstitial mitochondrial areas is known to produce EZ Water (structured water) in the cells. This EZ Water improves cellular functions in similar ways as CCO absorption does. [3]
Perhaps related to the water-absorption – are the mechanisms of heat and light gated ion channels in the cells. This too is considered a primary mechanism for the near-infrared wavelengths. Referred to simply as IR (infrared) in the following quote:
“In addition PBM absorption of IR radiation by structured intracellular water, may produce additional changes in molecular vibrational energy and affect the tertiary conformation of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins.” [3]
Remember that all of this is on a “spectrum” of absorption ranges, where one study notes that 810nm wavelengths (in addition to having the best penetration), act on both the CCO and water absorption mechanisms. [3]
And we can appreciate in the graph above there is another valley of water absorption in the 1000-1100nm region, which is why 1064nm is gaining in popularity as an effective wavelength especially for deep penetration.
So particularly the Red-NIR range from 600nm-850nm focus on different CCO molecular states, while wavelengths above 810nm also impact water absorption and ion channels. [7]
[3] Tsai SR, Hamblin MR. Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 May;170:197-207
[7] Dompe C, Moncrieff L, Matys J, Grzech-Leśniak K, Kocherova I, Bryja A, Bruska M, Dominiak M, Mozdziak P, Skiba THI, Shibli JA, Angelova Volponi A, Kempisty B, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M. Photobiomodulation-Underlying Mechanism and Clinical Applications. J Clin Med. 2020 Jun 3;9(6):1724.
**Work in Vast Spectra but Penetration depth may be limiting factor** still much to know.
there are many benefits to also using wavelengths from 900-1267nm but in those cases the chromophore is mainly water. We saw in chapter 6, for example, that 980nm activates ATP-synthase via EZ water creation and lowered viscosity. In the chart below it should be clear why wavelengths above 1320nm are not used, because like visible light outside red, wavelengths above 1320nm just don't penetrate. More on this next as we now look for which wavelengths are the best to use in photobiomodulation or red light therapy.
The action spectra of water is very large, but notice from chart above from the Norris hand study that 980nm has a local peak aborption. While the action spectra for CCO yields excited electrons that can be passed on to Oxygen as the crucial step in ATP, the action spectra for water yields what Gerald Pollack calls EZ water. This wavelength as we saw from the Sommers study helps to enhance the function of ATP-ase activity. Being a localized peak of water absorption means its penetration depth is not as much as say 810, BUT in this case we WANT the light to be absorbed by water to make EZ water. Also it is still the same penetration as 660nm, so still good!
there are many benefits to also using wavelengths from 900-1267nm but in those cases the chromophore is mainly water. We saw in chapter 6, for example, that 980nm activates ATP-synthase via EZ water creation and lowered viscosity. In the chart below it should be clear why wavelengths above 1320nm are not used, because like visible light outside red, wavelengths above 1320nm just don't penetrate. More on this next as we now look for which wavelengths are the best to use in photobiomodulation or red light therapy.
The action spectra of water is very large, but notice from chart above from the Norris hand study that 980nm has a local peak aborption. While the action spectra for CCO yields excited electrons that can be passed on to Oxygen as the crucial step in ATP, the action spectra for water yields what Gerald Pollack calls EZ water. This wavelength as we saw from the Sommers study helps to enhance the function of ATP-ase activity. Being a localized peak of water absorption means its penetration depth is not as much as say 810, BUT in this case we WANT the light to be absorbed by water to make EZ water. Also it is still the same penetration as 660nm, so still good!
CASE FOR 980
Note: while water is an important chromophore, it is more straight forward as it becomes the main chromophore beyond 900nm. It is still debatable which of these 900+ wavelengths are best to use. 980nm has the advantage of being a local maximum of absorption able to enhance EZ water creation. 1100 has the advantage of penetrating deeper though not as strongly activating EZ water. Because the mechanisms of water as a chromophore are still being researched, in this chapter we will focus on the much more important and better understood chromophore CCO. Having said that, I do think it is good to include a 900+ LED in a good red light panel and bed (more on this later).
Note: while water is an important chromophore, it is more straight forward as it becomes the main chromophore beyond 900nm. It is still debatable which of these 900+ wavelengths are best to use. 980nm has the advantage of being a local maximum of absorption able to enhance EZ water creation. 1100 has the advantage of penetrating deeper though not as strongly activating EZ water. Because the mechanisms of water as a chromophore are still being researched, in this chapter we will focus on the much more important and better understood chromophore CCO. Having said that, I do think it is good to include a 900+ LED in a good red light panel and bed (more on this later).
Feel The Difference! The Warmth of having a 905+ is worth it alone!
Also research shows wavelengths at 905+ use "Water as a Chromophore" for Benefits not found in wavelengths below 905. Ideally 980 is best!
These wavelengths have been shown to be the ones:
1) that are optimally absorbed by Cytochrome C (600-680 and 800-880)
2) Optimally absorbed by water for light/heat Ion Channel functioning (904-1080)
3) Optimally absorbed by water for enhanced energy production via 4th phase of water -> TRP, ATP-ase activity (904-1080)
Why 980nm or possibly 1064nm?
First and most importantly, doing an extensive search of pub med and other research databases it was clear 980nm had the MOST research of any wavelength above 905nm. The second most common was 1064 and the rest were a distant third.
We saw in chapter 7 that 980nm was specifically used in research involving heat/light gated ion channels (TRPV channels) that modulate Calcium levels and also 980nm was used in the study showing enhanced ATP-ase activity which means enhanced ATP production! If there is a case to be made for any other wavelength above 905nm it would be 1064nm which had the second most research studies. Significantly 1064nm is the peak absorption converting ground state oxygen to singlet oxygen so it may help to enhance ATP activity. But comparing these two, 980 comes out on top in the author's opinion based on sheer number of research studies alone.
Also research shows wavelengths at 905+ use "Water as a Chromophore" for Benefits not found in wavelengths below 905. Ideally 980 is best!
These wavelengths have been shown to be the ones:
1) that are optimally absorbed by Cytochrome C (600-680 and 800-880)
2) Optimally absorbed by water for light/heat Ion Channel functioning (904-1080)
3) Optimally absorbed by water for enhanced energy production via 4th phase of water -> TRP, ATP-ase activity (904-1080)
Why 980nm or possibly 1064nm?
First and most importantly, doing an extensive search of pub med and other research databases it was clear 980nm had the MOST research of any wavelength above 905nm. The second most common was 1064 and the rest were a distant third.
We saw in chapter 7 that 980nm was specifically used in research involving heat/light gated ion channels (TRPV channels) that modulate Calcium levels and also 980nm was used in the study showing enhanced ATP-ase activity which means enhanced ATP production! If there is a case to be made for any other wavelength above 905nm it would be 1064nm which had the second most research studies. Significantly 1064nm is the peak absorption converting ground state oxygen to singlet oxygen so it may help to enhance ATP activity. But comparing these two, 980 comes out on top in the author's opinion based on sheer number of research studies alone.
**WORK IN. EZ water**
Water Itself Could Be a Source of Energy!
On the other hand, several other studies have indicated that another possible mechanism of PBM especially at FIR and MIR wavelengths is absorption of radiation by water molecules. Pollack et al. demonstrated that radiant energy can generate an exclusion zone (EZ) in a water interface that possesses the correct type of hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance [65, 125]. EZ water can store electrical charges, and can release up to 70% of the input energy.
65. Pollack GH. Cell electrical properties: reconsidering the origin of the electrical potential. Cell biology international. 2015;39(3):237–242
125. Musumeci F, Pollack GH. High electrical permittivity of ultrapure water at the water platinum interface. Chemical physics letters. 2014;613:19–23
Cellular membranes are characterized by the presence of a thin (nanometer) layer of water that builds up on hydrophobic surfaces [126]. Very low amounts of non-heating IR radiation can deliver relatively small amounts of vibrational energy to the nanostructured water layers and may be able to perturb its structure and that of neighboring molecules without causing any bulk heating effect (i.e. without causing any measurable rise in temperature) [127]. Intramitochondrial water viscosity gradients have been identified by the technique of nano-indentation [128]. ATP synthesis can be decreased and increased in response to modulation of reactive oxygen species levels caused by non-thermal levels of NIR. The possible control mechanism of this “mitochondrial nanomotor” is that the NIR could increase ATP turnover by reducing the viscosity of the interfacial water layers. Recently, Santana-Blank et al. proposed that external electromagnetic (light) energy could activate oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways based on water light interactions [129]. As a result of water light interactions and energy transfer mechanisms, IR generates interfacial EZ-water as a selective rechargeable electrolytic bio-battery [130]. Light energy in oxygen-dependent pathways generates high-energy molecules called nucleotide-phosphates including ATP and GTP. Water light interactions in the oxygen-independent pathway, lead to photoinduced non-linear oscillations in water that could provide energy for cellular reactions, including metabolism, signaling, and gene transcription.
126. Sommer AP, Caron A, Fecht HJ. Tuning nanoscopic water layers on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces with laser light. Langmuir. 2008;24(3):635–636.
127. Sommer AP, et al. Pulsed laser light forces cancer cells to absorb anticancer drugs the role of water in nanomedicine. Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology. 2011;39(3):169–173
128. Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht HJ. Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Scientific reports. 2015;5
129. Santana-Blank L, et al. “Quantum Leap” in Photobiomodulation Therapy Ushers in a New Generation of Light-Based Treatments for Cancer and Other Complex Diseases: Perspective and Mini-Review. Photomedicine and laser surgery. 2016;34(3):93–101
130. Santana-Blank L, Rodríguez-Santana E, Santana-Rodríguez KE. Photobiomodulation of aqueous interfaces as selective rechargeable bio-batteries in complex diseases: personal view. Photomedicine and laser surgery. 2012;30(5):242–249.
Water Itself Could Be a Source of Energy!
On the other hand, several other studies have indicated that another possible mechanism of PBM especially at FIR and MIR wavelengths is absorption of radiation by water molecules. Pollack et al. demonstrated that radiant energy can generate an exclusion zone (EZ) in a water interface that possesses the correct type of hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance [65, 125]. EZ water can store electrical charges, and can release up to 70% of the input energy.
65. Pollack GH. Cell electrical properties: reconsidering the origin of the electrical potential. Cell biology international. 2015;39(3):237–242
125. Musumeci F, Pollack GH. High electrical permittivity of ultrapure water at the water platinum interface. Chemical physics letters. 2014;613:19–23
Cellular membranes are characterized by the presence of a thin (nanometer) layer of water that builds up on hydrophobic surfaces [126]. Very low amounts of non-heating IR radiation can deliver relatively small amounts of vibrational energy to the nanostructured water layers and may be able to perturb its structure and that of neighboring molecules without causing any bulk heating effect (i.e. without causing any measurable rise in temperature) [127]. Intramitochondrial water viscosity gradients have been identified by the technique of nano-indentation [128]. ATP synthesis can be decreased and increased in response to modulation of reactive oxygen species levels caused by non-thermal levels of NIR. The possible control mechanism of this “mitochondrial nanomotor” is that the NIR could increase ATP turnover by reducing the viscosity of the interfacial water layers. Recently, Santana-Blank et al. proposed that external electromagnetic (light) energy could activate oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways based on water light interactions [129]. As a result of water light interactions and energy transfer mechanisms, IR generates interfacial EZ-water as a selective rechargeable electrolytic bio-battery [130]. Light energy in oxygen-dependent pathways generates high-energy molecules called nucleotide-phosphates including ATP and GTP. Water light interactions in the oxygen-independent pathway, lead to photoinduced non-linear oscillations in water that could provide energy for cellular reactions, including metabolism, signaling, and gene transcription.
126. Sommer AP, Caron A, Fecht HJ. Tuning nanoscopic water layers on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces with laser light. Langmuir. 2008;24(3):635–636.
127. Sommer AP, et al. Pulsed laser light forces cancer cells to absorb anticancer drugs the role of water in nanomedicine. Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology. 2011;39(3):169–173
128. Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht HJ. Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Scientific reports. 2015;5
129. Santana-Blank L, et al. “Quantum Leap” in Photobiomodulation Therapy Ushers in a New Generation of Light-Based Treatments for Cancer and Other Complex Diseases: Perspective and Mini-Review. Photomedicine and laser surgery. 2016;34(3):93–101
130. Santana-Blank L, Rodríguez-Santana E, Santana-Rodríguez KE. Photobiomodulation of aqueous interfaces as selective rechargeable bio-batteries in complex diseases: personal view. Photomedicine and laser surgery. 2012;30(5):242–249.
4. PBM may decrease viscosity of interfacial water allowing faster rotation of ATP synthase. ATP-ase Mechanisms
**980 and ATPase**
Sommer has suggested an interesting hypothesis that combines the idea of nanostructured water acting as a chromophore, with the well-established increased production of ATP observed in mitochondria.[7] ATP-ase (unit 5 in the ETC) is a membrane protein complex composed of two interconnected rotary molecular motors, each powered by a different fuel. The F0 motor is powered by the flow of protons across the mitochondrial membrane generated by the electron transport chain feeding into CCO activity. The F0 rotor is connected to the second F1 rotor, which produces ATP from ADP and phosphate. The hypothesis is that a reduction in the viscosity of EZ water surrounding the mitochondrial membrane (due to the absorption of NIR) will allow these rotors of the ATP-ase enzyme to turn faster and, therefore, create more ATP.
7. Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht H-J. Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2015;5:12029.
Amaroli A, Pasquale C, Zekiy A, Utyuzh A, Benedicenti S, Signore A, Ravera S. Photobiomodulation and Oxidative Stress: 980 nm Diode Laser Light Regulates Mitochondrial Activity and Reactive Oxygen Species Production. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Mar
**980 and ATPase**
Sommer has suggested an interesting hypothesis that combines the idea of nanostructured water acting as a chromophore, with the well-established increased production of ATP observed in mitochondria.[7] ATP-ase (unit 5 in the ETC) is a membrane protein complex composed of two interconnected rotary molecular motors, each powered by a different fuel. The F0 motor is powered by the flow of protons across the mitochondrial membrane generated by the electron transport chain feeding into CCO activity. The F0 rotor is connected to the second F1 rotor, which produces ATP from ADP and phosphate. The hypothesis is that a reduction in the viscosity of EZ water surrounding the mitochondrial membrane (due to the absorption of NIR) will allow these rotors of the ATP-ase enzyme to turn faster and, therefore, create more ATP.
7. Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht H-J. Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2015;5:12029.
Amaroli A, Pasquale C, Zekiy A, Utyuzh A, Benedicenti S, Signore A, Ravera S. Photobiomodulation and Oxidative Stress: 980 nm Diode Laser Light Regulates Mitochondrial Activity and Reactive Oxygen Species Production. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Mar
**980 and ATPase**
The hypothesis is that a reduction in the viscosity of EZ water surrounding the mitochondrial membrane will allow these rotors to turn faster and, therefore, create more ATP.
7. Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht H-J. Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2015;5:12029.
Evidence 980 Modulates Calcium Gated Ion Channels via Water as Chromophore
9. Wang Y, Huang YY, Wang Y, Lyu P, Hamblin MR. Photobiomodulation of human adipose-derived stem cells using 810 nm and 980 nm lasers operates via different mechanisms of action. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017;1861:441–449.
The hypothesis is that a reduction in the viscosity of EZ water surrounding the mitochondrial membrane will allow these rotors to turn faster and, therefore, create more ATP.
7. Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht H-J. Light effect on water viscosity: implication for ATP biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2015;5:12029.
Evidence 980 Modulates Calcium Gated Ion Channels via Water as Chromophore
9. Wang Y, Huang YY, Wang Y, Lyu P, Hamblin MR. Photobiomodulation of human adipose-derived stem cells using 810 nm and 980 nm lasers operates via different mechanisms of action. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017;1861:441–449.
Recently Wang et al showed [108] that two different NIR wavelengths affected adipose-derived stem cells by distinctly different mechanisms of action. 810-nm laser was proposed to activate CCO leading to ATP production and a brief burst of ROS, but had no effect on intracellular calcium. By contrast 980 nm laser also increased ATP and ROS, but at much lower fluences (one tenth to one hundredth), and increased cytosolic calcium while at the same time decreasing mitochondrial calcium. The actions of 980 nm NIR but not the actions of 810 nm NIR could be abrogated by inhibitors of calcium ion channels such as TRPV. Heating up the cells or cooling down the cells abrogated the effects of 980 nm but not 810 nm. This study suggested that 980 nm could work by affecting nanostructured water layers in TRPV ion channels while 810 could directly activate CCO enzyme activity. Figure 2 graphically summariuzes the two most important proposed biological mechanisms of action of IR.
108. Wang Y, et al. Photobiomodulation of human adipose-derived stem cells using 810nm and 980nm lasers operates via different mechanisms of action. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016
A Case Against Saunas
I am a big believer in infrared saunas, but I am unsure how much they increase the liquid crystalline water in the body. This is not only because of how far they are from the 3000nm wavelength but also because they heat the body up, potentially destabilizing the existing exclusion zones (even though relatively speaking, they don't heat the body's core temperature very much). That said, I believe they most likely do because they improve circulation throughout the body, cause you to discharge positively charged sweat, and afterwards, typically leave the individual feeling much better.
Personally I would like to see a 3000nm LED Bed or Sauna for creating EZ.
Until then I like 980nm because of its beautiful balance between penetration depth and EZ water creation.
108. Wang Y, et al. Photobiomodulation of human adipose-derived stem cells using 810nm and 980nm lasers operates via different mechanisms of action. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016
A Case Against Saunas
I am a big believer in infrared saunas, but I am unsure how much they increase the liquid crystalline water in the body. This is not only because of how far they are from the 3000nm wavelength but also because they heat the body up, potentially destabilizing the existing exclusion zones (even though relatively speaking, they don't heat the body's core temperature very much). That said, I believe they most likely do because they improve circulation throughout the body, cause you to discharge positively charged sweat, and afterwards, typically leave the individual feeling much better.
Personally I would like to see a 3000nm LED Bed or Sauna for creating EZ.
Until then I like 980nm because of its beautiful balance between penetration depth and EZ water creation.
**The Living Cell**
To really understand the cell in light of new understandings of EZ water, we need a MAJOR revision in the current paradigm of the cell. The key problem is water is just a background stage where all the chemicals reactions take place, instead of being perhaps the key player in cellular energetics, structures and flows. Take a moment to view a living image of a liver cell with the water intact vs the same cell freeze dried. Here you see no shrinkage or swelling, and no breakage of structures, It is a regime of dynamic, spontaneous order in which the structures appear minimally stressed and maximally correlated. This is one of many live images of the cell Dr. Ludwig Edelmann in the Saarland University produced. Even though they are black and white, they are some of the most breathtakingly beautiful, 'true-to-life' portraits of cell you will ever see.
This stark juxtaposition shows how when you have living EZ water, the whole world of cellular biology changes! It seems molecular biology dogma throws out the "bathwater" (EZ water) that gives life to the "baby" (the cell). Let's now see how EZ water brings cellular biology to life with better and more complete explanations of cellular energetics and body-wide blood, lymphatic, nerve and energy flows.
To really understand the cell in light of new understandings of EZ water, we need a MAJOR revision in the current paradigm of the cell. The key problem is water is just a background stage where all the chemicals reactions take place, instead of being perhaps the key player in cellular energetics, structures and flows. Take a moment to view a living image of a liver cell with the water intact vs the same cell freeze dried. Here you see no shrinkage or swelling, and no breakage of structures, It is a regime of dynamic, spontaneous order in which the structures appear minimally stressed and maximally correlated. This is one of many live images of the cell Dr. Ludwig Edelmann in the Saarland University produced. Even though they are black and white, they are some of the most breathtakingly beautiful, 'true-to-life' portraits of cell you will ever see.
This stark juxtaposition shows how when you have living EZ water, the whole world of cellular biology changes! It seems molecular biology dogma throws out the "bathwater" (EZ water) that gives life to the "baby" (the cell). Let's now see how EZ water brings cellular biology to life with better and more complete explanations of cellular energetics and body-wide blood, lymphatic, nerve and energy flows.
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**END CHAPTER**
New Mechanism Proposed
Some wavelengths in the Red and NIR can directly affect ground state Oxygen to Singlet Oxygen. You can see a peak at 1063/1064.
Some wavelengths in the Red and NIR can directly affect ground state Oxygen to Singlet Oxygen. You can see a peak at 1063/1064.
Ultimate Red and Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation Penetration and Absorption Mechanisms Cheat-sheet
We summarize all of these mechanisms of penetration depths, CCO absorption bands, water, and heat and light channel wavelengths are put together in a single chart below:
The Theraputic Optical Window for the Skin is 600nm-1100nm [study] [2][6]
The official definition of Red light is 600nm-780nm. The scientific definition of Near-Infrared is referred to more precisely as Infrared-A (IR-A) range is 780nm to 1,400nm. [IR-A Reference]
https://www.icnirp.org/en/frequencies/infrared/index.html
The Most Bioactive Ranges are Red Range 600-700nm and NIR 780nm-950nm. With 700nm-780nm being insignificant. [1]
The 600-850nm range is for ideal CCO Absorption [3]
Above 810nm+ Increases Heat and Light Ion Channel Activation [6]
Wavelength absorption above 720nm+ increases EZ water production [3]
One 2020 review article on the mechanisms of red light therapy really highlights the importance of understanding the different wavelength absorption ranges and their mechanisms.
"The application of red light (600–810 nm) is absorbed by the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase, which is located in the unit IV respiratory chain of the mitochondria. Nitric oxide (NO) is then displaced and activates the enzyme and this leads to a proton gradient. Consequently, calcium ions (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ATP production levels are increased. On the other hand, the application of near-infrared light (810–1064 nm) activates light-sensitive ion channels, and increases the levels of Ca2+. ROS and cyclic AMP (cAMP)then interact with the calcium ions." [5]
We can quickly visualize from this chart that if we have multiple wavelengths that intersect several of these key regions of penetration and absorption, then we would theoretically be better situated for giving us the best probability for results with photobiomodulation.
[1] Zein R, Selting W, Hamblin MR. Review of light parameters and photobiomodulation efficacy: dive into complexity. J Biomed Opt. 2018 Dec;23(12):1-17.
[2] Lima, Andrezza & Sergio, Luiz Philippe & Fonseca, Adenilson. (2020). Photobiomodulation via multiple-wavelength radiations. Lasers in Medical Science. 35. 10.1007/s10103-019-02879-1.
[3] Tsai SR, Hamblin MR. Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 May;170:197-207.
[5] Austin E, Geisler AN, Nguyen J, Kohli I, Hamzavi I, Lim HW, Jagdeo J. Visible light. Part I: Properties and cutaneous effects of visible light. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 May;84(5):1219-1231.
[6] Dompe C, Moncrieff L, Matys J, Grzech-Leśniak K, Kocherova I, Bryja A, Bruska M, Dominiak M, Mozdziak P, Skiba THI, Shibli JA, Angelova Volponi A, Kempisty B, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M. Photobiomodulation-Underlying Mechanism and Clinical Applications. J Clin Med. 2020 Jun 3;9(6)
We summarize all of these mechanisms of penetration depths, CCO absorption bands, water, and heat and light channel wavelengths are put together in a single chart below:
The Theraputic Optical Window for the Skin is 600nm-1100nm [study] [2][6]
The official definition of Red light is 600nm-780nm. The scientific definition of Near-Infrared is referred to more precisely as Infrared-A (IR-A) range is 780nm to 1,400nm. [IR-A Reference]
https://www.icnirp.org/en/frequencies/infrared/index.html
The Most Bioactive Ranges are Red Range 600-700nm and NIR 780nm-950nm. With 700nm-780nm being insignificant. [1]
The 600-850nm range is for ideal CCO Absorption [3]
Above 810nm+ Increases Heat and Light Ion Channel Activation [6]
Wavelength absorption above 720nm+ increases EZ water production [3]
One 2020 review article on the mechanisms of red light therapy really highlights the importance of understanding the different wavelength absorption ranges and their mechanisms.
"The application of red light (600–810 nm) is absorbed by the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase, which is located in the unit IV respiratory chain of the mitochondria. Nitric oxide (NO) is then displaced and activates the enzyme and this leads to a proton gradient. Consequently, calcium ions (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ATP production levels are increased. On the other hand, the application of near-infrared light (810–1064 nm) activates light-sensitive ion channels, and increases the levels of Ca2+. ROS and cyclic AMP (cAMP)then interact with the calcium ions." [5]
We can quickly visualize from this chart that if we have multiple wavelengths that intersect several of these key regions of penetration and absorption, then we would theoretically be better situated for giving us the best probability for results with photobiomodulation.
[1] Zein R, Selting W, Hamblin MR. Review of light parameters and photobiomodulation efficacy: dive into complexity. J Biomed Opt. 2018 Dec;23(12):1-17.
[2] Lima, Andrezza & Sergio, Luiz Philippe & Fonseca, Adenilson. (2020). Photobiomodulation via multiple-wavelength radiations. Lasers in Medical Science. 35. 10.1007/s10103-019-02879-1.
[3] Tsai SR, Hamblin MR. Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 May;170:197-207.
[5] Austin E, Geisler AN, Nguyen J, Kohli I, Hamzavi I, Lim HW, Jagdeo J. Visible light. Part I: Properties and cutaneous effects of visible light. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 May;84(5):1219-1231.
[6] Dompe C, Moncrieff L, Matys J, Grzech-Leśniak K, Kocherova I, Bryja A, Bruska M, Dominiak M, Mozdziak P, Skiba THI, Shibli JA, Angelova Volponi A, Kempisty B, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M. Photobiomodulation-Underlying Mechanism and Clinical Applications. J Clin Med. 2020 Jun 3;9(6)